Thermodynamics Concepts and Applications SECOND EDITION Fullyrevisedtomatchthemoretraditionalsequenceofcoursematerials,thisfull-color second edition presents the basicprinciples and methods of thermodynamics using a clear and engaging style and awealth of end-of-chapter problems. It includes five new chapters on topics such as mixtures, psychrometry, chemical equilibrium, andcombustion;andthediscussionofthesecondlawofthermodynam- ics has been expanded and divided into two chapters, allowing instructors to intro- ducethetopicusingeitherthecycleanalysisinChapter6orthedefinitionofentropy in Chapter 7. Online ancillaries, including a password-protected solutions manual, figures in electronic format, prepared PowerPoint lecture slides, and instructional videos, are availableat www.cambridge.org/thermo. STEPHEN R.TURNS isProfessorEmeritusofMechanicalEngineeringatThePennsylva- nia State University. His research interests include combustion-generated air pollu- tion, other combustion-related topics, and engineering education pedagogy. Turns wastherecipientofthe2009ASEEMechanicalEngineeringDivisionRalphCoatsRoe AwardandhasbeentherecipientofseveralteachingawardsatPennsylvaniaState.He istheauthorofAnIntroductiontoCombustion:ConceptsandApplications,3rdedn(also appearinginChinese,Korean,andPortugueseeditions),andofThermal-FluidSciences: An Integrated Approach. Turns is a fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineering (ASME). LAURA L. PAULEY is Professor of Mechanical Engineering at The Pennsylvania State University. She teaches courses in the thermal sciences and conducts research in engineeringeducationandcomputationalfluiddynamics.Pauleyhasworkedongrants focusingonaspectsofengineeringeducationincludingclassroomexperiments,presen- tationskills,andtheclimateforwomeninengineering. Shehasalsoinitiatedeffortsin curriculum reform and experimental case studies for required courses in mechanical engineering. She is the recipient of the Undergraduate Program Leadership Award (2003)andwasselectedasthefirstArthurL.GlennProfessorofEngineeringEducation. PauleyisafellowoftheAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineering(ASME). Thermodynamics Concepts and Applications SECOND EDITION Stephen R. Turns The Pennsylvania State University Laura L. Pauley The Pennsylvania State University UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre,NewDelhi–110025,India 79AnsonRoad,#06–04/06,Singapore079906 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107179714 DOI:10.1017/9781316840979 ©StephenR.TurnsandLauraL.Pauley2020 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2020 PrintedinSingaporebyMarkonoPrintMediaPteLtd AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Turns,StephenR.,author.|Pauley,LauraL.,author. Title:Thermodynamics:conceptsandapplications/StephenR.Turns(PennsylvaniaState University),LauraL.Pauley(PennsylvaniaStateUniversity). Description:Secondedition.|Cambridge;NewYork,NY:CambridgeUniversityPress,2018.| Includesindex. Identifiers:LCCN2018030834|ISBN9781107179714(hardback:alk.paper) Subjects:LCSH:Thermodynamics.|Fluidmechanics. Classification:LCCTJ265.T862018|DDC621.402/1–dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2018030834 ISBN978-1-107-17971-4Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracy ofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Thermodynamics Concepts and Applications SECOND EDITION Fullyrevisedtomatchthemoretraditionalsequenceofcoursematerials,thisfull-color second edition presents the basicprinciples and methods of thermodynamics using a clear and engaging style and awealth of end-of-chapter problems. It includes five new chapters on topics such as mixtures, psychrometry, chemical equilibrium, andcombustion;andthediscussionofthesecondlawofthermodynam- ics has been expanded and divided into two chapters, allowing instructors to intro- ducethetopicusingeitherthecycleanalysisinChapter6orthedefinitionofentropy in Chapter 7. Online ancillaries, including a password-protected solutions manual, figures in electronic format, prepared PowerPoint lecture slides, and instructional videos, are availableat www.cambridge.org/thermo. STEPHEN R.TURNS isProfessorEmeritusofMechanicalEngineeringatThePennsylva- nia State University. His research interests include combustion-generated air pollu- tion, other combustion-related topics, and engineering education pedagogy. Turns wastherecipientofthe2009ASEEMechanicalEngineeringDivisionRalphCoatsRoe AwardandhasbeentherecipientofseveralteachingawardsatPennsylvaniaState.He istheauthorofAnIntroductiontoCombustion:ConceptsandApplications,3rdedn(also appearinginChinese,Korean,andPortugueseeditions),andofThermal-FluidSciences: An Integrated Approach. Turns is a fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineering (ASME). LAURA L. PAULEY is Professor of Mechanical Engineering at The Pennsylvania State University. She teaches courses in the thermal sciences and conducts research in engineeringeducationandcomputationalfluiddynamics.Pauleyhasworkedongrants focusingonaspectsofengineeringeducationincludingclassroomexperiments,presen- tationskills,andtheclimateforwomeninengineering. Shehasalsoinitiatedeffortsin curriculum reform and experimental case studies for required courses in mechanical engineering. She is the recipient of the Undergraduate Program Leadership Award (2003)andwasselectedasthefirstArthurL.GlennProfessorofEngineeringEducation. PauleyisafellowoftheAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineering(ASME). Thermodynamics Concepts and Applications SECOND EDITION Stephen R. Turns The Pennsylvania State University Laura L. Pauley The Pennsylvania State University UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre,NewDelhi–110025,India 79AnsonRoad,#06–04/06,Singapore079906 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107179714 DOI:10.1017/9781316840979 ©StephenR.TurnsandLauraL.Pauley2020 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2020 PrintedinSingaporebyMarkonoPrintMediaPteLtd AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Turns,StephenR.,author.|Pauley,LauraL.,author. Title:Thermodynamics:conceptsandapplications/StephenR.Turns(PennsylvaniaState University),LauraL.Pauley(PennsylvaniaStateUniversity). Description:Secondedition.|Cambridge;NewYork,NY:CambridgeUniversityPress,2018.| Includesindex. Identifiers:LCCN2018030834|ISBN9781107179714(hardback:alk.paper) Subjects:LCSH:Thermodynamics.|Fluidmechanics. Classification:LCCTJ265.T862018|DDC621.402/1–dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2018030834 ISBN978-1-107-17971-4Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracy ofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. This book is dedicated to Peter Gordon (SRT) and to Anne, Mark, and Eric Pauley (LLP). Brief Contents Preface xix Acknowledgements xxvi Conversion Factors xxvii Nomenclature xxix 1 Beginnings 1 2 ThermodynamicProperties, Property Relationships, and Processes 39 3 Conservationof Mass 145 4 Energy andEnergy Transfer 196 5 First Lawof Thermodynamics 254 6 Second Lawof Thermodynamics and Someof ItsConsequences 317 7 Entropyand Availability 354 8 Thermal-Fluid Analysis ofSteady-FlowDevices 452 9 Systems forPower Production, Propulsion, Heating, and Cooling 525 10 Ideal-GasMixtures 635 11 Air–Vapor Mixtures 660 12 Reacting Systems 699 13 Chemical andPhase Equilibrium 759 AppendixA Timeline 797 AppendixB Thermodynamic Properties of H O 802 2 AppendixC Thermodynamic andThermo-PhysicalProperties ofAir 825 AppendixD Thermodynamic Properties of Ideal Gases andCarbon 830 AppendixE Various Thermodynamic Data 845 AppendixF Thermo-PhysicalProperties ofSelected Gases at 1atm 846 AppendixG Thermo-PhysicalProperties ofSelected Liquids 852 AppendixH Thermo-Physical Properties of HydrocarbonFuels 858 AppendixI Psychrometric Charts 862 Index 864 Contents Preface to the Second Edition xix Preface to the First Edition xxiii Acknowledgements to the Second Edition xxvi Conversion Factors xxvii Nomenclature xxix 1 Beginnings 1 LearningObjectives 1 Overview 1 1.1 What IsThermodynamics? 1 1.2 Some Applications 2 1.2a Steam Power Plants 2 1.2b Spark-IgnitionEngines 8 1.2c Jet Engines 9 1.3 Learning Thermodynamics 11 1.4 Physical Frameworks for Analysis 13 1.4a Closed Systems 13 1.4b Open Systems (orControl Volumes) 14 1.5 Key Concepts and Definitions 16 1.5a Properties 16 1.5b States 16 1.5c Processes 17 1.5d Cycles 18 1.5e Equilibriumand the Quasi-Equilibrium Process 19 1.6 Dimensionsand Units 21 1.7 Problem-Solving Method 24 1.8 Mathematical Skills to Review 25 Summary 25 Key Concepts and DefinitionsChecklist 26 References 26 Problems 27 2 Thermodynamic Properties,Property Relationships, andProcesses 39 LearningObjectives 39 Overview 39 2.1 Why Properties Are Important in Our Study 39 2.2 Key Definitions 40