The Routledge Companion to the Reception of Ancient Greek and Roman Gender and Sexuality This Companion covers a range of receptions of ancient Greek and Roman gender and ­sexuality.­It­explores­ancient­representations­of­these­concepts­as­we­define­them­today,­as­ well as recent perspectives that have been projected back onto antiquity. Beginning­in­antiquity,­the­chapters­examine­how­the­ancient­Greeks­and­Romans­regarded­ concepts of what we would today call “gender” and “sexuality” based on the evidence available to­us,­and­chart­the­varied­interpretations­and­receptions­of­these­concepts­across­time­to­ the­present­day.­In­exploring­how­different­cultures­have­“received”­the­classical­past,­the­ ­volume­investigates­these­cultures’­different­interpretations­of­Greek­and­Roman­sexualities,­ and what these interpretations can reveal about their own attitudes. Through the contributions in­this­book,­the­reader­gains­a­deeper­understanding­of­this­essential­part­of­human­existence,­ derived­from­influential­sources.­From­ancient­to­modern­and­postmodern­perspectives,­from­ cinematic­productions­to­TikTok­videos,­receptions­of­ancient­gender­and­sexuality­abound. This­volume­is­of­interest­to­students­and­scholars­of­ancient­history,­gender­and­sexuality­ in­the­ancient­world,­and­ancient­societies,­as­well­as­those­working­on­popular­culture­and­ gender studies more broadly. Dr. K.R. Moore,­PhD­(St-A)­is­currently­a­senior­lecturer­in­the­history­of­ideas­at­Teesside­ University,­UK;­his­publications­include­“The­Iphis­Incident:­Ovid’s­Accidental­Discovery­of­ Gender­Dysphoria”­and­Sex and the Second-Best City: Sex and Society in the Laws of Plato (Routledge­2005). The Routledge Companion to the Reception of Ancient Greek and Roman Gender and Sexuality Edited by K.R. Moore Cover­image:­Adam­Eastland/Alamy­Stock­Photo First­published­2023 by Routledge 4­Park­Square,­Milton­Park,­Abingdon,­Oxon­OX14­4RN and by Routledge 605­Third­Avenue,­New­York,­NY­10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business ©­2023­selection­and­editorial­matter,­K.R.­Moore;­individual­chapters,­the­ contributors The­right­of­K.R.­Moore­to­be­identified­as­the­author­of­the­editorial­material,­and­ of­the­authors­for­their­individual­chapters,­has­been­asserted­in­accordance­with­ sections­77­and­78­of­the­Copyright,­Designs­and­Patents­Act­1988. All­rights­reserved.­No­part­of­this­book­may­be­reprinted­or­reproduced­or­utilised­in­ any­form­or­by­any­electronic,­mechanical,­or­other­means,­now­known­or­hereafter­ invented,­including­photocopying­and­recording,­or­in­any­information­storage­or­ retrieval­system,­without­permission­in­writing­from­the­publishers. Trademark notice:­Product­or­corporate­names­may­be­trademarks­or­registered­ trademarks,­and­are­used­only­for­identification­and­explanation­without­intent­to­infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A­catalogue­record­for­this­book­is­available­from­the­British­Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names:­Moore,­K.­R.­(Kenneth­R.)­editor.­ Title:­The­Routledge­companion­to­the­reception­of­ancient­Greek­and­Roman­ ­ gender­and­sexuality­/­edited­by­K.­R.­Moore.­ Description:­1­Edition.­|­New­York,­NY­:­Routledge,­2023.­|­Includes­ ­ bibliographical­references­and­index.­|­Summary:­“This­Companion­covers­ a range of receptions of ancient Greek and Roman gender and sexuality. ­ It­explores­ancient­representations­of­these­concepts­as­we­define­them­ ­ today,­as­well­as­recent­perspectives­that­have­been­projected­back­onto­ ­ antiquity.­Beginning­in­antiquity,­the­chapters­examine­how­the­ancient­ Greeks and Romans regarded concepts of what we would today call “gender” ­ and­“sexuality”­based­on­the­evidence­available­to­us,­and­chart­the­ varied interpretations and receptions of these concepts across time to ­ the­present­day.­In­exploring­how­different­cultures­have­‘received’­the­ ­ classical­past,­the­volume­investigates­these­cultures’­different­ ­ interpretations­of­Greek­and­Roman­sexualities,­and­what­these­ interpretations can reveal about their own attitudes. Through the ­ contributions­in­this­book,­the­reader­gains­a­deeper­understanding­of­ ­ this­essential­part­of­human­existence,­derived­from­influential­ ­ sources.­From­ancient­to­modern­and­postmodern­perspectives,­from­ ­ cinematic­productions­to­TikTok­videos,­receptions­of­ancient­gender­and­ sexuality abound. This volume is of interest to students and scholars of ­ ancient­history,­gender­and­sexuality­in­the­ancient­world,­and­ancient­ ­ societies,­as­well­as­those­working­on­popular­culture­and­gender­ ­ studies­more­broadly”—­Provided­by­publisher.­ Identifiers:­LCCN­2022005663­(print)­|­LCCN­2022005664­(ebook)­|­ ­ ISBN­9780367900908­(hardback)­|­ISBN­9781032307022­(paperback)­|­ ­ ISBN­9781003024378­(ebook)­ Subjects:­LCSH:­Gender­identity—Greece.­|­Gender­identity—Rome.­|­ ­ Sex—Greece.­|­Sex—Rome.­|­Rome—Civilization.­|­CYAC:­ ­ Greece—Civilization—To­146­B.C.­ Classification:­LCC­HQ1075.5.G8­.R68­2023­(print)­|­LCC­HQ1075.5.G8­ ­ (ebook)­|­DDC­305.3—dc23/eng/20220321­ LC­record­available­at­https://lccn.loc.gov/2022005663 LC­ebook­record­available­at­https://lccn.loc.gov/2022005664 ISBN:­978-0-367-90090-8­(hbk) ISBN:­978-1-032-30702-2­(pbk) ISBN:­978-1-003-02437-8­(ebk) DOI:­10.4324/9781003024378 Typeset­in­Times­New­Roman by­Apex­CoVantage,­LLC Contents List of Figures ix List of Contributors xi Acknowledgments xvii Introduction xviii PART I Legacies of the Ancient Greeks 1 ­1­ “Never­Bury­My­Bones­Apart­From­Yours”:­Iliad Reception in Xena: Warrior Princess­3 Sarah Brucia Breitenfeld ­2­ Achilles­and­Patroclus­Revisited­(Again)­ 22 David Delbar ­3­ #Patrochilles:­Find­the­Phallus­ 41 Bruce M. King and Lynn Kozak ­4­ Of­Late­I­Dream­of­Lesbos:­Renée­Vivien’s­Queer­Utopias­in­the­ Aeolian­Mode­ 58 J. L. Watson ­5­ A­‘Hollywood-Bowl­Tiresias’:­Antiquity­and­Trans-­Identity­in­Gore­ Vidal’s­Myra Breckinridge and Myron­ 84 Quentin J. Broughall ­6­ Panic­in­the­Oikos:­Female­Bodies,­[re]Productive­Anxiety­and­ Wasted­Landscapes­in­Greek­Myth­and­Dystopian­SF­ 102 Larissa Tittl 7 “Je Sentis Tout Mon Corps et Transir et Brûler”:­Sublimating­ Ancient­Sexuality­in­Jean­Racine’s­Phèdre et Hippolyte­ 129 Mary Hamil Gilbert v Contents ­8­ On­the­Reception­of­Same-Sex­Marriage­in­Classical­Greece­ and­Beyond­ 150 K.R. Moore ­9­ Ancient­and­Modern­Receptions­of­Eunuchs­With­a­Focus­on­ Alexander’s­Bagoas­ 175 Andrew Michael Chugg 10­ The­Sexuality­of­the­Argeads­ 212 Sabine Müller 11­ Alexander­the­Great­and­Hephaistion­in­Fiction­After­Stonewall­ 229 Jeanne Reames 12­ Patterns­of­Force:­Receptions­of­Agesilaus­II,­Disability,­and­Greek­ Sexuality­ 253 Alexandra F. Morris 13­ A­Revised­Interpretation­of­the­Ancient­Greek­Hetaira­ 263 Stephanie Lynn Budin 14­ Those Infamous Females:­The­(Ancient)­Reception­of­the­Sexuality­ of­Hellenistic­Queens­ 286 Alex McAuley and Ana Garcia Espinosa 15­ Dover,­Foucault­and­the­Rules­of­South­African­Mine­Marriages­ 300 Susan L. Haskins PART II Romanocentric Receptions 315 16­ Two­Case­Studies­on­Receptions­of­Sex­and­Power:­Lucretia­ and­Verginia­ 317 Paul Chrystal 17­ Seduction­Skills­of­Queen­Cleopatra­and­Definitions­of­Masculinity­ in­the­Roman­Literature­ 357 Jaakkojuhani Peltonen 18­ Women’s­Virgil:­Reception­as­Re-imagination­ 373 Charlie Kerrigan vi Contents 19­ The­Poet,­the­Puella,­and­the­Penis:­Impotence­and­Elegiac­Failure­ in­Maximianus­and­Ovid­ 387 Grace Funsten 20­ Boudica­as­a­Literary­Figure­in­Cassius­Dio­ 404 Heiko Kammers 21­ The­Influence­of­Roman­Laws­on­Same-Sex­Acts­on­Twenty-First- Century­Homophobia­in­Africa­ 421 Susan L. Haskins 22­ Roman­Gender­in­the­Roman de Silence­ 441 Sasha (Alexandra) Katharine Kelly PART III Greek and Roman Afterlives 457 23­ Perfumes­for­Men,­Perfumes­for­Women:­The­Uses­of­Scents­and­the­ Prejudice­of­Corruption­in­the­Graeco-Roman­World­ 459 Giuseppe Squillace 24­ “Thirteen­Days­Were­Devoted­to­Serving­Her­Passion”:­Amazon­ Queen­Thalestris­as­a­Sexual­Male­Fantasy­in­Roman­Historiography­ and­Medieval­Epic­ 473 Jaakkojuhani Peltonen 25­ The­Reception­of­Classical­Masculinity­in­Women’s­Historical­Novels­ 489 Leanne Bibby 26­ The­Sexuality­of­the­“Tyrant”­in­Greek­and­Latin­Literature­and­in­ The Walking Dead­ 508 Sabine Müller 27­ Graeco-Roman­Worship­of­the­Beloved:­The­Ancient­and­Modern­ Cults­of­Antinous­ 525 Andrew Michael Chugg 28­ Transgender­Saints:­Perpetua’s­Legacy­ 558 Barbara Gold vii Contents 29­ A­Prehistory­of­Intersex,­or:­The­Lives­and­Afterlives­of­the­ “Hermaphrodite”­ 572 Chris Mowat 30­ Female­Agency­in­Greek­Tragedy­and­Its­Receptions­in­the­Late­ Twentieth­and­Early­Twenty-First­Centuries­ 593 Lorna Hardwick Index 607 viii Figures ­ 6.1­ ‘Earthrise’.­ 105 ­ 6.2­ ‘Birth­of­Erichthonios’.­Gaia­emerges­from­the­ground,­presenting­ Erichthonios­to­Athena.­Red-figured­hydria,­c.470–460­bce.­ 107 ­ 6.3­ The­LA­of­Blade Runner­(Final Cut).­An­alluring­woman­beckons­citizens­ to­the­off-world­colonies.­ 108 ­ 6.4­ Joi­as­a­gigantic­holograph,­interacting­with­K­in­the­city,­in­Blade Runner 2049.­ 109 ­ 6.5­ ‘I­don’t­want­oranges.­I­want­to­scream’.­Offred/June­in­Gilead’s­produce­ shop­in­S1,­E6­of­The Handmaid’s Tale.­ 111 ­ 6.6­ Red-figure,­white-ground­Attic­kylix,­attributed­to­the­Tarquinia­Painter.­ The­making­of­Pandora.­ 115 ­ 6.7­ Rachel,­a­stunningly­impassive­(at­first)­replicant­in­Blade Runner­(Final Cut).­ 115 ­ 6.8­ Red-figured­calyx-krater­by­the­Niobid­Painter.­Scene­shows­Pandora­ (resembling­a­statue)­being­dressed­in­finery­by­the­Olympians.­ 117 ­ 6.9­ The­replicant­Pris­disguised­as­a­veil-wearing­doll­in­J.­F.­Sebastian’s­ apartment,­hiding­from­Deckard.­ 118 ­ 6.10­ Fresco­from­Royal­Tomb­at­Vergina­(Tomb­1).­Scene­shows­the­abduction­ of­Persephone­by­Hades,­her­distress­clearly­visible.­Her­friend­Cyrene­ laments­in­the­background.­ 122 ­ 9.1a­ A­seal­from­Uruk­dating­from­the­third­millennium­bce with an overseer and­naked­and­genderless­individuals.­ 176 ­ 9.1b­ A­seal­from­Uruk­dating­from­the­third­millennium­bce­with­a­woman,­ domestic­animals­and­two­naked­and­genderless­individuals.­ 176 ­ 9.2­ A­fragment­of­the­rear­of­the­Ur-Nammu­stela­dating­to­c.2100­bce and depicting a nude male lacking either a beard or genitals with a towel and fly-whisk(?).­ 177 ­ 9.3­ A­profile­portrait­of­Alexander­the­Great­wearing­the­ram’s­horns­of­ Ammon­and­the­royal­diadem­on­a­silver­tetradrachm­minted­298–281­bce by­his­bodyguard­and­successor­Lysimachos.­ 181 ­ 9.4­ A­relief­depicting­a­beardless­servant,­almost­certainly­a­eunuch,­from­the­ Persian­palace­at­Persepolis.­ 184 ­ 9.5­ An­engraving­of­Sodoma’s­fresco­in­the­Villa­Farnesina­in­Rome­based­on­ Lucian’s­description­of­Aetion’s­painting­of­Alexander’s­marriage­to­Roxane.­ 188 ­ 9.6­ Statue­of­Poppaea,­whom­Sporus­is­stated­to­have­resembled.­ 203 ix