For Aidan CONTENTS Author’s note 1 Brothers in arms 2 Destination unknown 3 Greatcoats will be worn 4 There are no Japanese within 100 miles 5 They got nothing from me 6 Special Mission 43 7 Java rubble 8 A hell of a temper 9 Hundreds of whores and wicked bastards 10 Speedo! 11 One vast hospital 12 Where are the rest? 13 Stoppo! 14 Do not overeat 15 We have developed queer habits and outlook Acknowledgements Bibliography Index AUTHOR’S NOTE There is significant variation in the spelling of place names in the former Netherlands East Indies, Burma and Siam. Where countries, cities and towns have been renamed since the war (e.g., Batavia is now Jakarta), I have generally used the wartime name rather than its modern equivalent. Keeping Fit in the Tropics Follow these simple rules to avoid tropical diseases. Tropical malaria can be avoided by an intelligent soldier. Take atebrin tablets as ordered, after a meal, and followed by a drink of water. Always carry a supply of atebrin tablets, and if separated from your unit, take one every day. If you forget one day, take two the next day. Sleep under a mosquito net. Always from dusk until dawn, unless sleeping under a net, wear slacks, gaiters and long sleeved shirt (sleeves rolled down) and apply repellent lotion to face and hands every 3 hours. Always carry a bottle of repellent lotion. Treat your clothes with Anti-Mite Fluid. Follow the directions for its use exactly and avoid Scrub Typhus. To avoid dysentery and typhoid do not drink water unless it has been boiled or chlorinated. Keep flies and other insects off your food and keep eating utensils clean. Wash your body as much and as often as possible, to avoid tropical skin diseases. Carry your own soap always. Carry an extra pair of socks and underwear. Wear the socks on alternate days. Australian Military Forces Record of Service Book, revised August 1944 Chapter 1 BROTHERS IN ARMS On Good Friday, 11 April 1941, nine hundred officers and men of the 2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion steamed out of Sydney Harbour aboard the military transport ship MM, destination unknown. The MM—‘a monster’, in the words of Alf Sheppard of B Company, ‘larger than any ship any of us had ever seen before’—was painted grey, but its drab exterior could not disguise the fact that it was the luxury ocean liner Ile de France, which had been commandeered by Britain after the fall of France. In total it carried more than 4000 soldiers. Accompanying the Ile de France out of Sydney Harbour were three more requisitioned ocean liners, Queen Elizabeth, Mauretania and the Dutch Nieuw Amsterdam. The Queen Mary was waiting for them at Jervis Bay, 170 kilometres down the New South Wales coast, with the soldiers of the 2/2nd Pioneer Battalion, a newly formed unit like the machine gunners. (A few of the Pioneers had been squeezed aboard the Queen Elizabeth.) Between them the five converted liners carried 25,000 soldiers—the largest Australian military force to be sent overseas since the First Australian Imperial Force in 1914. Private Desmond Jackson, who had joined the machine gunners at the age of 20, described the convoy as a ‘fleet of giants’. Raised in South Australia, Victoria, Tasmania and Western Australia, the machine gun battalion was led by an Adelaide lawyer, Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Seaforth Blackburn. Nearly a quarter of a century earlier, Blackburn had been awarded the Victoria Cross by King George V at Buckingham Palace for his bravery in France, where he led repeated attacks on German strongpoints outside the village of Pozières. Reports of Blackburn’s extraordinary exploits on the Western Front appeared in newspapers big and small all over Australia. In a letter published in October 1916 by the Richmond River Express and Casino Kyogle Advertiser (and reprinted in many other papers), Blackburn recalled the ‘fearful scrap’ at Pozières, where he and his men fought solidly for three days and nights, almost without stopping, and drove our way foot by foot through the village … Goodness only knows how I got out of it alive, as 17 times the man behind me was killed, and 22 men behind me were wounded … While working my way up the trench, I came upon a lad of 19 chained by the hand and waist to a machine gun. Fancy having to chain your men to guns. No wonder the beggars are hard to drive out, as they are all quite convinced that we take no prisoners and will kill them all. At the age of 49, Blackburn was determined to prove to his newly formed machine gun battalion that he was not past it. In forced marches, the ‘skinny- legged’ colonel always led from the front, astonishing men young enough to be his sons with his physical stamina and sheer bloody-mindedness. As well as being an experienced and resourceful soldier, Blackburn was a skilled organiser—a talent that would prove indispensable to the troops aboard the trouble-prone Ile de France. Veterans described sewerage problems, a shortage of drinking water and a diet consisting almost exclusively of boiled potatoes and porridge. ‘After about a week on these rations we were almost on the verge of mutiny,’ Private Tom Keays recalled in the 2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion history, From Snow to Jungle. After Blackburn took over domestic arrangements, ‘the cooks were hastily replaced by our own army cooks and the meals were much more palatable thereafter’. To Des Jackson it was an ‘uneventful’ voyage, but danger was rarely far away. Fear of attack by German raiders meant that a total blackout applied to ships off the New South Wales coast. Escorted by a warship, the heavy cruiser HMAS Australia, the converted liners carried little in the way of armament. Eight of the battalion’s Vickers machine guns were manned round the clock to protect the Ile de France from attack by enemy aircraft—‘a popular duty’, one soldier remembered, as it meant escaping from the darkness and suffocating heat below deck. Life jackets and full water bottles had to be carried at all times, and there were regular emergency drills. After picking up the Queen Mary off Jervis Bay, the convoy steamed south. Although many of the Queen Mary’s interior fittings had been stripped out when she was converted to a troop ship, the men of the 2/2nd Pioneer Battalion were surprised to discover her luxurious accommodation largely intact. Corporal Harry Walker, the middle child of eleven from Alma, in Victoria, was impressed with the size of the ship but would suffer along with his mates as the ship neared the equator. ‘It was designed for the cold Atlantic Ocean run,’ Walker said in his tape-recorded memoirs. ‘There wasn’t sufficient air conditioning for the tropics, and boy did we swelter.’ Problems in the engine room of the Ile de France slowed the rest of the convoy, and heavy seas made the voyage through the Southern Ocean a misery. When troops were denied shore leave at Fremantle, Blackburn had to act quickly to prevent a riot. A note in the unit diary reads, ‘2030. Disturbance by certain personnel re conditions on boat. Mostly reinforcement personnel and as far as can be ascertained no members of this unit took part.’ The battalion reached full strength when the men of D Company, who had been in Perth on pre-embarkation leave, joined at Fremantle. The diary notes ruefully, ‘Endeavours to reduce number of personnel on board failed.’ The Ile de France was too big to dock and had to be provisioned by lighter. For security reasons letters home had been strictly censored since the battalion left Sydney, but after arriving in Fremantle some of the machine gunners had the bright idea of throwing letters over the side to avoid the censors. Arch Flanagan, a Tasmanian from C Company, told Blackburn’s biographer, Andrew Faulkner, ‘A bloke on one of the boats said “got any letters … I’ll post them for you.” Well, I don’t know whether he was a German spy but the next thing the letters were with the colonel.’ Flanagan was not the only man to get a rollicking from an angry Blackburn, although he protested that the letters ‘contained no more information about the convoy than every wharfie in Fremantle knew’. Secrecy had been an overriding concern ever since the convoy left Sydney. ‘Most secret’ orders issued before departure from Fremantle stated that ‘too much stress cannot be placed upon the importance of preventing any leakage of information in respect of movement overseas’. Messages in bottles were banned from being thrown overboard, since an enemy raider could theoretically plot the convoy’s course by picking up ‘two or more bottles containing dated messages’. Life for the soldiers on the Ile de France began to improve after the convoy set sail for Colombo, although Blackburn professed to find it ‘extremely dull’. An ill-judged ban on all forms of gambling ordered by Blackburn’s superior officer, Lieutenant Colonel Stillman, was quietly dropped (no doubt on Blackburn’s advice). An order requiring ‘officers, NCOs, sentries, picquets and patrols’ to suppress forbidden games wherever they were found was replaced by a milder ban on gambling ‘during training hours’. The battalion history records that after Fremantle ‘the aft lounge was set up to cater for Bingo, two-up, Vingt- et-Un, Crown and Anchor and roulette, amongst other games, to be played after working hours’. Under the new regime, the lounge resembled ‘a smoke-filled Dante’s Inferno’. As the convoy entered the tropics, the heat became stifling. All ranks were warned that sunburn was a ‘self-inflicted wound’. A shortage of fresh water meant that troops could only wash clothes in seawater. On 14 April orders were issued for the fresh water supply to be cut off daily between 9 a.m. and 6 p.m.