the dynamic dance The Dynamic Dance nonvocal communication in african great apes Barbara J. King harvard university press Cambridge,Massachusetts,andLondon,England • 2004 Copyright©2004bythePresidentandFellowsofHarvardCollege Allrightsreserved PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData King,BarbaraJ.,1956– Thedynamicdance :nonvocalcommunicationinAfricangreatapes / BarbaraJ.King. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferences(p.). ISBN0-674-01515-0(hardcover) 1.Apes—Behavior—Africa. 2.Animalcommunication—Africa. I.Title. QL737.P96K56 2004 599.88′159′096–dc22 2004047478 ReadersshouldchecktheHUPwebsiteforweb-basedfeaturesrelatedtothisbook Formydaughter,SarahElizabethHogg Contents 1 SocialCommunicationasDance 1 2 GestureandDynamicSystemsTheory 42 3 GestureinCaptiveAfricanGreatApes 84 4 GestureinWildAfricanGreatApes 136 5 TheEvolutionofGesture 177 6 ImaginedFutures 220 Notes 241 Bibliography 255 Acknowledgments 271 Index 273 Illustrations Followingpage176 Ayoungwesterngorillasuckinghisthumb Ayoungwesterngorillaridingonhismother’sback Ayoungwesterngorilladescendingfromhismother’sback BonobosinteractingatWamba,DemocraticRepublicofCongo ChimpanzeesattheYerkesPrimateCenterinAtlanta