￿ʜ￿ ʟ￿ɴ￿￿ɴ ￿￿ʜ￿￿ʟ ￿￿ ￿￿￿ɴ￿￿ɪ￿￿ ￿ɴ￿ ￿￿ʟɪ￿ɪ￿￿ʟ ￿￿ɪ￿ɴ￿￿ ʀɪɢʜ￿-￿￿-ɪɴ￿￿ʀ￿￿￿ɪ￿ɴ ￿ʀ￿ɴ￿￿: ￿￿￿ʟ￿ʀɪɴɢ ￿ʜ￿ ʀɪɢʜ￿ ￿￿ ɪɴ￿￿ʀ￿￿￿ɪ￿ɴ ɪɴ ￿ʜɪʟ￿, ɴ￿￿ ￿￿￿ʟ￿ɴ￿ ￿ɴ￿ ￿ʀ￿ɢ￿￿ʏ ￿￿ʙʀɪ￿ɪ￿ ￿￿ʀ￿ʟʟɪɴɪ ￿￿ɴ￿￿￿ ￿ ￿ʜ￿￿ɪ￿ ￿￿ʙ￿ɪ￿￿￿￿ ￿￿ ￿ʜ￿ ￿￿￿￿ʀ￿￿￿ɴ￿ ￿￿ ɢ￿￿￿ʀɴ￿￿ɴ￿ ￿￿ ￿ʜ￿ ʟ￿ɴ￿￿ɴ ￿￿ʜ￿￿ʟ ￿￿ ￿￿￿ɴ￿￿ɪ￿￿ ￿￿ʀ ￿ʜ￿ ￿￿ɢʀ￿￿ ￿￿ ￿￿￿￿￿ʀ ￿￿ ￿ʜɪʟ￿￿￿￿ʜʏ, ʟ￿ɴ￿￿ɴ, ￿￿￿￿￿￿ʙ￿ʀ ￿￿￿￿ DECLARATION IcertifythatthethesisIhavepresentedforexaminationfortheMPhil/Ph.D.degreeoftheLondon SchoolofEconomicsandPoliticalScienceissolelymyownworkotherthanwhereIhaveclearly indicatedthatitistheworkofothers(inwhichcasetheextentofanyworkcarriedoutjointlybyme andanyotherpersonisclearlyidentifiedinit). ￿isthesisislicensedundercreativecommonslicence attribution-noncommercial-sharealike￿.￿International(CCBY-NC-SA￿.￿)￿ Iwarrantthatthis authorisationdoesnot,tothebestofmybelief,infringetherightsofanythirdparty. Icanconfirm thatmythesiswascopyeditedforconventionsoflanguage,spellingandgrammarbyRichardGlyde andthecompanyEditage. StefanBauchowitzprovidedsupportwiththeuseofLaTex Ideclarethatmythesisconsistsof￿￿￿￿￿words. ￿Forafulldescriptionofthelicencefollowthislinkhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/￿.￿. ￿ ABSTRACT ￿e Right to Information (RTI) – a right every individual has to access public information held by governments – is now established in more than ￿￿￿ countries. RTI laws set up a new logic in government: availabilityofpublicinformationistheprincipleandsecrecytheexception. RTIlaws createnewpublicinformationarenaswhereseveralactorsrequest,releaseandusepublicinformation for several purposes. In this work, I seek to explore why RTI arenas based on similar principles, workdifferentlyleadingtodifferentoutputs.Myexplanationisbasedonahistorical-institutionalist perspectivearguingthatoriginsoftheselawsandpreviousinstitutionalstructuresmatter. Iarguethat threefactorshelptoshapethesearenas: thelevelofparticipationinthepolicy-makingprocess,the professionalisationofstatebureaucracyandRTIenforcementinstitutions. ￿ecombinationofthese factorsgivesusthreedifferentkindsofarenas:functional,mixedandcontested. Idevelopaconceptual framework,operatingatamiddle-rangetheorylevel,toanalysetheroleRTIlaws,requesters,the state,andtheexistenceofRTIenforcementinstitutionsplayineachconfiguration. Ishowhowthese arenasevolveandwork,runningastructuredandfocusedcomparisonofthreecasestudies: Uruguay, ChileandNewZealand. ￿isworkshowshowthesearenasendedupdifferinginoutputssuchas availabilityofpublicinformationandefficiencyinprocessingRTIrequests,aswellastheexistenceof effectiveaccountabilitymechanismstoresolvedisputesaboutpublicinformation. ￿ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Inthecourseofthisresearch,Ihaveacquiredmanydebts. Iwascarefultowritethemdown,butitis verylikelythatthefollowinglistwillnotcoverallofthemnorIwillbeabletorepaythem. Inthis age,afterall,wearealwaysindebtedtosomeone. Aresearchprojectcannotbedeliveredwithoutsponsors,towhomIamverygrateful. Uruguayan citizenscontributedtothisresearchthroughtheCarlosQuijanoscholarship(MinistryofEducation andCulture)andtheAgencyforResearchandInnovation(ANII)scholarship.Britishtaxpayersalso contributedthroughtheLSEgovernmentdepartmentscholarship.￿eLSEtravelsupportscholarship, theLSE–SantanderTravelFundandtheECPRPh.D.scholarshipallowedmetocarryoutfieldwork researchandtakepartinseminarsandconferencesrelatedtothistopic. Inaddition,MarcosScrollini and Juana Martinez (my grandparents) contributed in decisive moments to this Ph.D. with part oftheirsavings. Administrativestaffmanagingthesescholarshipswereverypatient. Inparticular, GeorginaLazarini,GracielaVernengo,MadeleineBoth,JosephineBurchellandImogenWitherswere excellentliaisonswithintheseinstitutions. SilvanaFumegaandAndrewEcclestoneintroducedmetothistopiceightyearsago. Iamthankful fortheirencouragementandfriendshipthroughoutthisprocess. Bothprovidedcommentsthathave improvedmyunderstandingofthisfield. AndrewandhiswifeZiawerekindenoughtohostme duringpartofmyfieldworkinNewZealand. RobLaking,BobGregoryandConradoRamostrusted metofinishaPh.D.IhopeIhavehonouredthistrust. Robalsoprovidedextensivecommentsand kindsupportthroughthisresearch. ColeenLakingwasalsokindenoughtoletmestayattheirhome whendoingfieldwork. WhenIfirstarrivedatthisUniversity,IhadtheprivilegeofmeetinganexceptionalcohortofPh.D. students. Inparticular,Isharedthesejoyfulearlydays(andsomenot-so-joyfulfollowingyears)with GustavoBonifaz,LauraRobbins,FelineFreier,MohanadHageAli,MiranNordelan,SashaPerson, Suzanne Morrison and Caroline Armstrong. It has been a long journey, and it was great to share thiswiththem. WhenIlookedforaphysicalspacetoworkinatthisUniversity,Iwasdrawntoa particularroomknownasH￿￿￿(technicallyH￿￿￿andtodaynolongerexistent). ￿isroomhada strangedynamicofitsown. JoseOlivaswaskindenoughtowelcomemeandshowedmetheropesof LSEacademicandadministrativelife,amongmanyotherthings. Iamreallythankfultohimforall hishelp. Inthisroom,Imetpeoplefromdifferentbackgroundswhochallengedmyideas,sharedtheir thoughts(includinginallsortsofoff-topicconversations)suchasLilaCaballero,JulioGonzalez,Ting Luo,AshikurRahman,MatthewWhiting,JohanessWolff,UrsulaDurand,MartaWojciechowska, Pinar Dinc, Ellie Knott, Randi Solhjell, Gisela Calderon, Kathleen Henehan, , Martin Williams, KennethBunker, EdGareth, MariaBrock, IzabellaCorrea, PonSouvannaseng, JoyceSuhjinLee, DominikaSpyratou,MariaKyriakidou,PaolaRomero,AnahiWiedenbrug,HolkeBrammerand ￿ KateAlexander. InH￿￿￿,JurgenBraunsteinandNinfaFuentesprovidedthemostentertaining(and caustic)commentsaboutacademicandworldlymattersthroughthetimeIwasworkinginthisPh.D. Ievenmanagedtounderstandabitof‘quant’politicalsciencethankstoIgnaziodeFerrari. Stefan BauchowitzshowedmethevirtuesofLaTeXandparsimony. BenWorthyandTomMcCleankindlyinvitedmetotheworkshopstheyorganisedatUCL,which playedanimportantroleinmyunderstandingofRTIinBritainandelsewhere. Benwasalsovery generous in introducing me to new literature and sharing his thoughts on this matter, as well as connectingmewithotheracademicsinthisfield. ItookpartinpanelsattheTransparencyConference in New York (￿￿￿￿), Utrecht (￿￿￿￿) and Paris (￿￿￿￿), as well as in a workshop at the University ofLausanne,kindlyconvenedbyAlbertMeijer,PatrickVilleneuveandMartialPasquier. Iwishto thanktheparticipantsinthesepanelsandtheconvenerswhocontributedtochallengingmythinking aroundthistopicandsharedtheirinsightsonthismatter. ExchangeswithGregMicheneralsohelped metounderstandmoreaboutthisliterature. Inthecontextoftheseconferences(andbeyondthem),I hadseveralexchangeswithMarcosMendiburuandHelenDarbishire. Marcoswasalwayssupportive ofthisresearchandgenerouslyprovidedcommentsonseveralchapters. Helenhasbeenextremely supportiveandIadmireherprofessionalismandhardworkinthisfield. IamalsoverythankfultotheBritishNGOMySociety,inparticulartoTonyBowden,forsharing and explaining the virtues of what was then a fairly unknown software called Alaveteli. Gabriela Rodriguez(asoftwareengineerandfriend)andIsetuptheprototypeusingAlavetelifortheUruguayan casestudy,alsodrawingonthepreviousworkdevelopedbyDavidCaboandVictoriaAndericawith AccessInfoinSpain. Withoutthiswork,theUruguayancasestudywouldnothavehadaccesstoany reliabledataaboutFOIrequests. WorkingwithGabriela,inthoseearlydaysandnow,hasbeenfun, challengingandaprivilege. InUruguay,theFOIwebportalquesabes.uybasedonthissoftwarewas finallymadepossiblebyDATA,alocalNGO.MarianaMas,DanielCarranza,FernandoUvaland VictoriaEsteves,dearfriendsandcolleagues,madethepushtolaunchtheportal,addingtheirvaluable expertiseinpolicy,communications,designandsoftwareengineering. ￿isinitialcollaborationled to more adventures together until today. I would also like to express my gratitude to a group of volunteers,includingJuanBorchard,MartinCedesandJavierGomez,whospenttimefixingbugs andhelpingwiththeusabilityofthiswebsite. ChristianSchuster,mycolleagueinthisPh.D.programme,providedearlycommentsonpartof this work, which helped to frame my thinking. Nicolas Trajtenberg – also a Ph.D. student on a differentjourney–crossedhisacademicboundariestodiscussmethodologyinsocialscienceswith me. TimDavies-anotherPh.D.studentanddearcolleague-providedcommentsonaninitialpaper onthismatter. InUruguay,IamparticularlygratefulfortheadvocacyworkEdisonLanza(CAINFO)developed tosupportquesabes.uy,aswellasforhisassistanceintheUruguayancasestudyintermsofresearch andpreviousworkwedevelopedtogether. TaniadaRosa,alsofromCAINFO,sharedherinsights aboutRTIintheUruguayancasestudy. AlsoinUruguay,IwanttothankKarenVanRompaeyfor herassistance(andcheerfulwords)duringthisresearch,aswellasCarolinaVeigaforherassistance onseveralresearchmatters. CivilservantsworkinginRTIingovernmentsuchasVirginiaPardo, MarianaGattiandGabrielDelPiazzowerealsoverykindinsharingtheirworkandinformation. PabloLandoni’sviewalsocontributedwhenwedevelopedanarticleoneducationandRTIforthe Uruguayancase. AttheUniversityoftheRepublic,PedroNarbondo,ConradoRamosandGuillermo Fuentesallowedmetoorganiseaworkshoptosharemyideasandprovidedveryconstructivefeedback. ￿ Dr. GuillermoMoncecchireadthisdraftforfunandprovidedveryvaluablecomments. Iamalso thankfultotheparticipantsofseveralworkshopsorganisedbytheUruguayangovernmentandDATA Uruguayfortheirinsights. InChile,IamindebtedtoKennethBunkerwhohostedmeandhelpedmetogetthebasicsof Chilean politics. Pablo Capomassi kindly provided a place to stay. My colleague Daniela Costa enlightenedmeabouttherealityofChileanpublicadministration. FelipeHeusserandtheteamof CiudadanoInteligentesharedtheirinsightswithmeabouttheirwebsiteplatformandwork. Maria SotomayorwaskindenoughtotranslateintoEnglishsomefairlycomplexwordsin‘chilensis’. Rafael PastorwasverygenerousinsharinghisknowledgeaboutpublicmanagementinChile. ￿eteam fromProAcceso,XimenaSalazarinparticular,werealsoveryhelpful. ClaudiaLagosandherteamat theUniversityofSantiagoexplainedthecontextandcontentoffreedomofexpressioninChile,as didMiguelPazfromelMostradorandPoderopedia. EoloDiazTenderoandCarolinaGarciaatthe CouncilforTransparencykindlyprovidedmewithmaterialsandexplainedthecontextoftheirwork. JuanPriceandhisfamilywelcomedmeintheirhome,andmademefeellikejustanothermemberof thefamilyduringmystay. InNewZealand,IwouldliketothankthestaffofVictoriaUniversityofWellingtonLibrary(Old Building)whoworkedhardtosecureaccesstolong-forgottenthesesandmanuscripts. DavidClemens providedmewithabibliographyfortheNZcasestudyandaveryusefulquote. ￿eOfficeofNew ZealandOmbudsmanallowedmetotakepartintheInternationalOmbudsmanConferenceinNew Zealand,whichwasessentialtocarryoutfieldwork. IamalsoindebtedtoProfessorChrisEichbaum whohelpedtounderstandmoreabouttheNewZealandcontext. Rob(@delineator)alsoshowed methecommitment(andoccasionalfrustration)activistscanhavewhendealingwithRTIinNew Zealand. IamalsothankfultotheeditoroftheblogNortighturnforsharinghisknowledge. DuringthecourseofthisPh.D.,Ialsohadtheopportunitytoactasagraduateteachingassistant atGV￿￿￿,acourseconvenedbyProfessorEdwardPageandProfessorMartinLodge,whereIalso workedwithmycolleagueJulieVogt. ￿ecourseaddedtomyunderstandingofpublicpolicyand teaching. Iamthankfultotheconvenersandmyteachingcolleaguesandtothestudentswhotook partinthecourse. Afterthisworkwasdefended,ProfessorAlasdairRobertsandProfessorMartinLodgeprovided valuablecommentsthatIhaveincorporatedinthistext. Lastbutnotleast,IwouldliketothankmysupervisorProfessorFranciscoPanizzaandmyadviser ProfessorEdwardPage. ProfessorPanizzacarriedouthisdutyasasupervisorwithpatience,diligence, empathy,andgenerosity. Overtheyears,Ilearnedagreatdealfromhisacademicandpersonalvirtues. Franciscofollowedtheevolutionofthisworkthroughversionafterversion,providingfeedbackat everystepandchallengingmetoimproveit. ProfessorPagealwayshadakindword,constructive feedback and kept advising me on how my work could be improved. His timely interventions contributedtosteerthisprojectinwhatIhopeistherightdirection. Someearlyandsmalldecisionsmatter. Myparents,MirtaandAlfredo,decidedIshouldstudy Englishandfosteredmycuriosity. Iamindebtedtothemformakingsuchdecisionsandtheirsupport throughout this project. On a deeply personal note, I would like to thank Ana and Odin. Ana – my partner – went through this Ph.D. with me with all that this implies. Her love enhanced my commitmenttofinishthiswork.Shealsowentthroughthemanuscriptlookingfortyposandensuring referenceswereintherightplace. Idon’tseehowIcouldhavefinishedthisendeavourwithouther support. Odin – our small dog – came into our lives a little later. A faithful (yet mischievous) ￿ companion,wespentseveralmorningstogetherwritingandeditingthispiece. Afinalthanksshould gotothosewhowillremainunnamedandtrustedIwouldrepresenttheirviewsfairly. Needlessto say,allthemistakesanderrorsinthisworkremaintheresponsibilityoftheauthor. London–Montevideo–SomewhereovertheAtlanticOcean F.S.M. ￿ CONTENTS ￿ ɪɴ￿ʀ￿￿￿￿￿ɪ￿ɴ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿ ￿.￿ Righttoinformation: historyandcontextofamulti-disciplinaryfield . . . . . . . . ￿￿ ￿.￿ Comparativeaccesstoinformation: thestateofthefield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿ ￿.￿ Overviewofthiswork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿ ￿ ʀɪɪɢɴ￿-ʜ￿￿-￿￿ʀ￿￿￿ɪ￿ɴ ￿ʀ￿ɴ￿￿ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿ ￿.￿ DefiningRTIarenas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿ ￿.￿ PrinciplesofRTIlaws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿ ￿.￿ OndifferenttypesofRTIarenasanddifferentoutputs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿ ￿.￿.￿ Participationinthepolicymakingprocess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿ ￿.￿.￿ Professionalisationofthestatebureaucracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿ ￿.￿.￿ ￿eexistenceofRTIenforcementinstitutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿ ￿.￿.￿ ￿reedifferentconfigurations: Functional,mixedandcontestedarenas . . . ￿￿ ￿.￿ ElementsinRTIarenas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿ ￿.￿.￿ Right-to-informationlaws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿ ￿.￿.￿ ￿estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿ ￿.￿.￿ DemandinginformationinaRTIarena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿ ￿.￿.￿ RTIEnforcementinstitutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿ ￿.￿ Feedbackloops: changeandcontinuityinaRTIarena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿ ￿ ￿￿￿ʜ￿￿￿ʟ￿ɢʏ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿ ￿.￿ Acomparativeapproach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿ ￿.￿ Researchdesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿ ￿.￿ Datagathering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿ ￿ ￿ʜ￿ ʟɪ￿ɪ￿￿ ￿￿ ￿￿ɴ￿ʜɪɴ￿ ɪɴ ɴ￿￿ ￿￿￿ʟ￿ɴ￿￿￿(￿￿￿ʀ￿)￿ . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿ ￿.￿ Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿ ￿.￿ ￿equestforaccesstoinformation: theemergenceoftheNewZealandRTIarena . ￿￿ ￿.￿.￿ Aworldofsecrecy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿ ￿.￿.￿ A‘fairgo’inNewZealand: RTIandtheeventsthatunchainedchange . . . ￿￿ ￿.￿.￿ ￿epolicymix: civilsocietyandunexpectedpolicyentrepreneurs . . . . . . ￿￿ ￿.￿.￿ Anabsentpoliticalwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿ ￿.￿ ￿eNewZealandRTIarena: ￿￿￿￿–￿￿￿￿ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿ ￿.￿.￿ NewZealandRTIlaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿ ￿ Contents ￿.￿.￿ ￿estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿ ￿.￿.￿ Demandinginformation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿ ￿.￿.￿ Snipersandinnocentrequesters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿ ￿.￿.￿ RTIEnforcementinstitutionintheNewZealandRTIarena . . . . . . . . ￿￿ ￿.￿ ￿eevolutionoftheNewZealandRTIarena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿￿ ￿.￿.￿ Feedbackloops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿￿ ￿.￿ Aotearoa: sunshineatitsbest,yetalongwhitecloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿￿ ￿ ￿￿￿￿￿￿ ￿￿ ￿￿ʙʟɪ￿ ɪɴ￿￿ʀ￿￿￿ɪ￿ɴ ɪɴ ￿ʜɪ￿ʟ:￿￿ɪ￿￿￿ ￿ʀ￿ɴ￿ . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿￿ ￿.￿ Context: democracyintransition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿￿ ￿.￿.￿ ￿e‘windowofopportunity’forRTIinChile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿￿ ￿.￿ Chile’sRTIarena. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿￿ ￿.￿.￿ ChileanRTIlaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿￿ ￿.￿.￿ ￿eChileanstate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿￿ ￿.￿.￿ DemandinginformationintheChileanRTIarena . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿￿ ￿.￿.￿ CouncilforTransparency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿￿ ￿.￿ Conclusion: Amixedarena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿￿ ￿ ￿ʀ￿ɢ￿￿:￿ʏ￿￿ɴ￿￿￿￿￿￿ ʀ￿ɪ ￿ʀ￿ɴ￿ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿￿ ￿.￿ Publicsecrets‘alauruguaya’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿￿ ￿.￿ TowardsaRTIreform: firststepsandnoopportunityforreform . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿￿ ￿.￿.￿ Policyentrepreneursgetorganised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿￿ ￿.￿.￿ PoliticsandpolicyintheSenate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿￿ ￿.￿ ￿eUruguayanRTIarena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿￿ ￿.￿.￿ UruguayanRTIlaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿￿ ￿.￿.￿ ￿eUruguayanstate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿￿ ￿.￿.￿ DemandinginformationintheUruguayanRTIArena . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿￿ ￿.￿.￿ Aweakenforcementinstitution: APIUandtheroleofthejudiciary . . . . . ￿￿￿ ￿.￿ Uruguay: initialfeedbackloops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿￿ ￿.￿ AcontestedRTIarena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿￿ ￿ ʀ￿ɪ ￿ʀ￿ɴ￿:￿￿￿￿￿￿￿ʀ￿￿ɪ￿￿ ￿￿￿ʀ￿ɪ￿￿ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿￿ ￿.￿ ElementsconfiguringaRTIarena: participation,statebureaucracyandRTIenforce- mentinstitutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿￿ ￿.￿.￿ Participationinthepolicymakingprocess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿￿ ￿.￿ Professionalisationofthestatebureaucracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿￿ ￿.￿ RTIEnforcementinstitutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿￿ ￿.￿ Actors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿￿ ￿.￿ ChangeinaRTIarena: feedbackloops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿￿ ￿.￿ DifferentRTIarenasworkingdifferentleadingtodifferentoutputs . . . . . . . . . ￿￿￿ ￿ ￿￿ɴ￿ʟ￿￿ɪ￿ʀ:ɴɪɪɢɴ￿-ʜ￿￿-￿￿ʀ￿￿￿ɪ￿ɴ ￿ʀ￿ɴ￿￿ ʀ￿￿ɪ￿ɪ￿￿￿ . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿￿ ￿.￿ Maincontributionsofthisworkinthecontextofthecurrentstateoftheliterature . ￿￿￿ ￿.￿ ￿eimplicationsofthisresearchforpractitioners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿￿ ￿ ￿￿ɴ￿￿ɴ￿￿ ￿.￿ Futureresearch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿￿ ʙɪʙʟɪ￿ɢʀ￿￿ʜʏ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿￿ ￿ɴɴ￿￿: ʟɪ￿￿ ￿￿ ɪɴ￿￿￿ɪ￿￿￿ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ￿￿￿ ￿￿