Reproductive Medicine for the MRCOG Reproductive Medicine for the MRCOG Editedby Siladitya Bhattacharya UniversityofAberdeen Mark Hamilton UniversityofAberdeen UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre,NewDelhi–110025,India 79AnsonRoad,#06–04/06,Singapore079906 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108817837 DOI:10.1017/9781108861724 ©SiladityaBhattacharyaandMarkHamilton2021 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2021 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyTJBooksLimited,PadstowCornwall AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. ISBN978-1-108-81783-7Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. ........................................................................ Everyefforthasbeenmadeinpreparingthisbooktoprovideaccurateandup-to-dateinformationthatisinaccord withacceptedstandardsandpracticeatthetimeofpublication.Althoughcasehistoriesaredrawnfromactualcases, everyefforthasbeenmadetodisguisetheidentitiesoftheindividualsinvolved.Nevertheless,theauthors,editors,and publisherscanmakenowarrantiesthattheinformationcontainedhereinistotallyfreefromerror,notleastbecauseclinical standardsareconstantlychangingthroughresearchandregulation.Theauthors,editors,andpublishersthereforedisclaimall liabilityfordirectorconsequentialdamagesresultingfromtheuseofmaterialcontainedinthisbook.Readersarestrongly advisedtopaycarefulattentiontoinformationprovidedbythemanufacturerofanydrugsorequipmentthattheyplantouse. Reproductive Medicine for the MRCOG Reproductive Medicine for the MRCOG Editedby Siladitya Bhattacharya UniversityofAberdeen Mark Hamilton UniversityofAberdeen UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre,NewDelhi–110025,India 79AnsonRoad,#06–04/06,Singapore079906 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108817837 DOI:10.1017/9781108861724 ©SiladityaBhattacharyaandMarkHamilton2021 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2021 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyTJBooksLimited,PadstowCornwall AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. ISBN978-1-108-81783-7Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. ........................................................................ Everyefforthasbeenmadeinpreparingthisbooktoprovideaccurateandup-to-dateinformationthatisinaccord withacceptedstandardsandpracticeatthetimeofpublication.Althoughcasehistoriesaredrawnfromactualcases, everyefforthasbeenmadetodisguisetheidentitiesoftheindividualsinvolved.Nevertheless,theauthors,editors,and publisherscanmakenowarrantiesthattheinformationcontainedhereinistotallyfreefromerror,notleastbecauseclinical standardsareconstantlychangingthroughresearchandregulation.Theauthors,editors,andpublishersthereforedisclaimall liabilityfordirectorconsequentialdamagesresultingfromtheuseofmaterialcontainedinthisbook.Readersarestrongly advisedtopaycarefulattentiontoinformationprovidedbythemanufacturerofanydrugsorequipmentthattheyplantouse. Reproductive Medicine for the MRCOG