Reintroduction Biology ConservationScienceandPracticeSeries PublishedinassociationwiththeZoologicalSocietyofLondon Wiley-BlackwellandtheZoologicalSocietyofLondonareproudtopresentourConservationScience and Practice series. Each book in the series reviews a key issue in conservation today. We are particularlykeentopublishbooksthataddressthemultidisciplinaryaspectsofconservation,looking athowbiologicalscientistsandecologistsareinteractingwithsocialscientiststoeffectlong-term, sustainableconservationmeasures. Booksintheseriescanbesingleormulti-authoredandproposalsshouldbesentto: WardCooper,SeniorCommissioningEditor,Wiley-Blackwell,JohnWiley&Sons, 9600GarsingtonRoad,OxfordOX42DQ,UK Email:[email protected] Eachbookproposalwillbeassessedbyindependentacademicreferees,aswellasourSeriesEditorial Panel.MembersofthePanelinclude: RichardCowling,NelsonMandelaMetropolitanUniversity,PortElizabeth,SouthAfrica JohnGittleman,InstituteofEcology,UniversityofGeorgia,USA AndrewKnight,UniversityofStellenbosch,SouthAfrica GeorginaMace,ImperialCollegeLondon,SilwoodPark,UK DanielPauly,UniversityofBritishColumbia,Canada StuartPimm,DukeUniversity,USA HughPossingham,UniversityofQueensland,Australia PeterRaven,MissouriBotanicalGardens,USA HelenRegan,UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside,USA AlexRogers,InstituteofZoology,London,UK MichaelSamways,UniversityofStellenbosch,SouthAfrica NigelStork,UniversityofMelbourne,Australia Previouslypublished Trade-offsinConservation:DecidingWhatto RecreationalHunting,ConservationandRural Save Livelihoods:ScienceandPractice EditedbyNigelLeader-Williams,WilliamM. EditedbyBarneyDickson,JonathanHuttonand AdamsandRobertJ.Smith BillAdams ISBN:978-1-4051–9383-2Paperback;ISBN: ISBN:978-1-4051–6785–7Paperback;ISBN: 978-1-4051–9384–9Hardcover;398pages; 978-1-4051–9142–5Hardcover;384pages; September2010 March2009 UrbanBiodiversityandDesign ParticipatoryResearchinConservationand EditedbyNorbertMu¨ller,PeterWernerand RuralLivelihoods:DoingScienceTogether JohnG.Kelcey EditedbyLouiseFortmann ISBN:978-1-4443–3267-4Paperback;ISBN ISBN:978-1-4051–7679-8Paperback;316pages; 978-1-4443–3266–7Hardcover;640pages;April October2008 2010 BushmeatandLivelihoods:Wildlife WildRangelands:ConservingWildlifeWhile ManagementandPovertyReduction MaintainingLivestockinSemi-Arid EditedbyGlynDaviesandDavidBrown Ecosystems ISBN:978-1-4051-6779-6Paperback;288pages; EditedbyJohanT.duToit,RichardKockand December2007 JamesC.Deutsch ManagingandDesigningLandscapesfor ISBN:978-1-4051–7785–6Paperback;ISBN Conservation:MovingfromPerspectivesto 978-1-4051–9488-4Hardcover;424pages; Principles January2010 EditedbyDavidLindenmayerandRichard ReintroductionofTop-OrderPredators Hobbs EditedbyMattW.HaywardandMichaelJ. ISBN:978-1-4051-5914-2Paperback;608pages; Somers December2007 ISBN:978-1-4051–7680–4Paperback;ISBN: 978-1-4051–9273–6Hardcover;480pages; April2009 Conservation Science and Practice Series Reintroduction Biology: Integrating Science and Management Edited by JohnG.Ewen,DougP.Armstrong,KevinA.Parker andPhilipJ.Seddon A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication Thiseditionfirstpublished2012,©2012byBlackwellPublishingLtd BlackwellPublishingwasacquiredbyJohnWiley&SonsinFebruary2007.Blackwell’spublishing programhasbeenmergedwithWiley’sglobalScientific,TechnicalandMedicalbusinesstoform Wiley-Blackwell. Registeredoffice:JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex, PO198SQ,UK Editorialoffices:9600GarsingtonRoad,Oxford,OX42DQ,UK TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK 111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030-5774,USA Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,forcustomerservicesandforinformationabouthowto applyforpermissiontoreusethecopyrightmaterialinthisbookpleaseseeourwebsiteat www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. Therightoftheauthortobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordance withtheUKCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,or transmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingor otherwise,exceptaspermittedbytheUKCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,withoutthe priorpermissionofthepublisher. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicforms.Somecontentthatappearsinprint maynotbeavailableinelectronicbooks. Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks.All brandnamesandproductnamesusedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks,trademarksor registeredtrademarksoftheirrespectiveowners.Thepublisherisnotassociatedwithanyproduct orvendormentionedinthisbook.Thispublicationisdesignedtoprovideaccurateand authoritativeinformationinregardtothesubjectmattercovered.Itissoldontheunderstanding thatthepublisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservices.Ifprofessionaladviceorother expertassistanceisrequired,theservicesofacompetentprofessionalshouldbesought. LibraryofCongressCataloguing-in-PublicationDatahasbeenappliedfor. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. Thisbookispublishedinthefollowingelectronicformats:ePDF9781444355802;WileyOnline Library9781444355833;ePub9781444355819;Mobi9781444355826 Setin10.5/12.5ptMinionbyLaserwordsPrivateLimited,Chennai,India 1 2012 Contents Contributors vii MemoriumofDonMerton xi Foreword xix Preface xxiii 1. AnimalTranslocations:WhatAreTheyandWhyDoWeDo Them? 1 PhilipJ.Seddon,W.MaartinStraussandJohnInnes 2. ATaleofTwoIslands:TheRescueandRecoveryofEndemic BirdsinNewZealandandMauritius 33 CarlG.JonesandDonV.Merton 3. SelectingSuitableHabitatsforReintroductions:Variation, ChangeandtheRoleofSpeciesDistributionModelling 73 PatrickE.OsborneandPhilipJ.Seddon 4. TheTheoryandPracticeofCatching,Holding,Moving andReleasingAnimals 105 KevinA.Parker,MollyJ.Dickens,RohanH.Clarke andTimG.Lovegrove 5. DispersalandHabitatSelection:BehaviouralandSpatial ConstraintsforAnimalTranslocations 138 PascalineLeGouar,Jean-BaptisteMihoubandFran¸coisSarrazin 6. ModellingReintroducedPopulations:TheStateoftheArt andFutureDirections 165 DougP.ArmstrongandMichelleH.Reynolds 7. MonitoringforReintroductions 223 JamesD.NicholsandDougP.Armstrong Contents vi 8. AdaptiveManagementofReintroduction 256 MichaelA.McCarthy,DougP.ArmstrongandMichaelC.Runge 9. EmpiricalConsiderationofParasitesandHealth inReintroduction 290 JohnG.Ewen,KarinaAcevedo-Whitehouse,MauriceR.Alley, ClaudiaCarraro,AnthonyW.Sainsbury,KirstySwinnerton andRosieWoodroffe 10. MethodsofDiseaseRiskAnalysisforReintroduction Programmes 336 AnthonyW.Sainsbury,DougP.ArmstrongandJohnG.Ewen 11. TheGeneticsofReintroductions:InbreedingandGeneticDrift 360 LukasF.Keller,IrisBiebach,StevenR.Ewing andPaquitaE.A.Hoeck 12. GeneticConsequencesofReintroductionsandInsights fromPopulationHistory 395 JimJ.Groombridge,ClaireRaisin,RachelBristol andDavidS.Richardson 13. ManagingGeneticIssuesinReintroductionBiology 441 IanG.JamiesonandRobertC.Lacy 14. Summary 476 PhilipJ.Seddon,DougP.Armstrong,KevinA.Parker andJohnG.Ewen Index 483 Contributors Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse, Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London,RegentsPark,LondonNW14RY,UnitedKingdomandFacultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Av. de las CienciasS/N,Juriquilla,Queretaro76230,Mexico.Email:karina.acevedo. [email protected] Maurice R. Alley, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, PB 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Email: [email protected] Doug P. Armstrong, Ecology Building 624, Massey University, PB 11222, PalmerstonNorth,NewZealand.Email:[email protected] Iris Biebach, Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zu¨rich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zu¨rich, Switzer- land.Email:[email protected] RachelBristol, Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent, Kent CT2 7NR, United Kingdom and Nature Seychelles, PO Box 1310,Victoria,Mahe´,RepublicofSeychelles.Email:[email protected] Claudia Carraro, Facolta` di Medicina Veterinaria, Dipartimento di Scienze SperimentaliVeterinarie,Universita` degliStudidiPadova,Padova,Italia. Email:[email protected] Rohan H. Clarke, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Mel- bourne,Victoria3800,Australia.Email:[email protected] Molly J. Dickens, GIGA Neurosciences, University of Lie`ge, 1 avenue de l’Hoˆpital (Bat. B36), B-4000 Lie`ge, Belgium. Email: molly.dickens@ ulg.ac.be John G. Ewen, Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regents Park,LondonNW14RY,UnitedKingdom.Email:[email protected] StevenR.Ewing,RoyalSocietyfortheProtectionofBirds,Sandy,Bedfordshire SG192DL,UnitedKingdom.Email:[email protected] JimJ.Groombridge,DurrellInstituteofConservationandEcology,Univer- sity of Kent, Kent CT2 7NR, United Kingdom. Email: J.Groombridge@ kent.ac.uk Contributors viii Paquita E.A. Hoeck, Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zu¨rich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zu¨rich, Switzerland and Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92027. Email: [email protected] JohnInnes,LandcareResearchNewZealandLtd,PrivateBag3127,Hamilton 3240,NewZealand.Email:[email protected] Ian G. Jamieson, Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin9016,NewZealand.Email:[email protected] CarlG.Jones,DurrellWildlifeConservationTrust,LesAugre`sManor,LaPro- fondeRue,Trinity,Jersey,ChannelIslandsJE35BPandMauritianWildlife Foundation, Grannum Road, Vacoas, Mauritius. Email: carlgjones@ btinternet.com LukasF.Keller,InstituteofEvolutionaryBiologyandEnvironmentalStudies, University of Zu¨rich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zu¨rich, Switzer- land.Email:[email protected] Robert C. Lacy, Department of Conservation Science, Chicago Zoologi- cal Society, Brookfield, Illinois 60513, United States of America. Email: [email protected] Pascaline Le Gouar, NIOO-KNAW, Dutch Centre for Avian Migration & Demography,Postbus40,6666ZGHeteren,theNetherlandsandUniversite´ Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France and Universite´ Rennes 1, UMR 6553 UR1-CNRS‘EcoBio’,stationbiologique,35380Paimpont,France.Email: [email protected] Tim G. Lovegrove, Auckland Council, Auckland, New Zealand. Email: [email protected] Michael A. McCarthy, The Australian Research Centre for Urban Ecol- ogy (ARCUE), c/- The School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville,Victoria3010,Australia.Email:[email protected] DonV.Merton,deceased. Jean-BaptisteMihoub,Universite´ PierreetMarieCurie,UMR7204MNHN- CNRS-UPMC‘Conservationdesespe`ces,restaurationetsuividespopula- tions’,61rueBuffon,75005Paris,France.Email:[email protected] JamesD.Nichols,PatuxentWildlifeResearchCenter,U.S.GeologicalSurvey, 12100 Beech Forest Road, Laurel, MD 20708-4017, United States of America.Email:[email protected] Contributors ix Patrick E. Osborne, School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, UniversityofSouthhampton,Highfield,SouthhamptonSO171BJ,United Kingdom.Email:[email protected] Kevin A. Parker, Ecology and Conservation Group, Institute of Natural Sciences, Massey University, PB 102904, NSMC, Auckland 0745, New Zealand.Email:[email protected] Claire Raisin, Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent,KentCT27NR,UnitedKingdom.Email:[email protected] Michelle H. Reynolds, USGS Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, KilaueaFieldStation,POBox44,HawaiiNationalPark,Hawaii,HI96718, UnitedStatesofAmerica.Email:[email protected] David S. Richardson, Nature Seychelles, Victoria, Mahe´, Republic of Sey- chelles and School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom. Email: [email protected] MichaelC.Runge,PatuxentWildlifeResearchCenter,U.S.GeologicalSurvey, 12100 Beech Forest Road, Laurel, MD 20708-4017, United States of America.Email:[email protected] AnthonyW.Sainsbury,InstituteofZoology,ZoologicalSociety ofLondon, RegentsPark,LondonNW14RY,UnitedKingdom.Email:tony.sainsbury@ ioz.ac.uk Franc¸ois Sarrazin, Universite´ Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR 7204 MNHN- CNRS-UPMC‘Conservationdesespe`ces,restaurationetsuividespopula- tions’,61rueBuffon,75005Paris,France.Email:[email protected] PhilipJ.Seddon, Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin9016,NewZealand.Email:[email protected] W.MaartinStrauss,DepartmentofEnvironmentalSciences,UNISA,South Africa.Email:[email protected] Kirsty Swinnerton, Island Conservation, Center for Ocean Health, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, United States of America. Email: [email protected] RosieWoodroffe,InstituteofZoology,ZoologicalSocietyofLondon,Regents Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom. Email: rosie.woodroffe@ ioz.ac.uk Memorium of Don Merton DonaldVincentMerton(1939–2011), areintroductionpioneer Don Merton died on 10 April 2011, and although many of us had known for a while that he was fighting terminal cancer the news of his passing still cameasablow,sinceDon,or‘Mertie’tohisfriendsandcolleagues,hadbeen an important figure in bird restoration for nearly fifty years and he had been a mentor to many of us. Don was a consummate field man and many of the techniques in bird management that he pioneered have now become acceptedpractice.Theconservationprogrammeshedevelopedanddrovein NewZealandandonIndianOceanislandshavebecomeiconiccasestudiesof whatcanbeachieved. DonplayedaleadingroleinsavingmanyNewZealandspeciesandisbest knownforhisworkwiththeNorthIslandsaddlebackPhilesturnusrufusater, SouthIslandsaddlebackP.carunculatus,ChathamIslandblackrobinPetroica traversi and the kakapo Strigops habroptilus, but he also helped, advised and inspiredworkwitharangeofotherspecies.Elsewhereheworkedwiththenoisy scrubbirdAtrichornisclamosusinWesternAustralia,theechoparakeetPsittac- ulaequesinMauritiusandtheSeychellesmagpierobinCopsychussechellarum. The first significant bird conservation work that Don was involved with was the translocation of saddlebacks in the 1960s and this continued in subsequent decades. The North Island saddleback had been reduced to just one population on Hen Island due to predation by rats, cats and stoats. Don headed up a translocation programme for this species and successfully established new populations on predator-free islands. This work became a preludetoworkontheSouthIslandsaddleback,whichhadbecomedoomed followingtheinvasionofitslastislandhome,BigSouthCapeIsland,byrats. Translocations to other islands were largely successful and set the scene for furthertranslocationsofthis,andotherspecies,topredator-freeislands.The North Island saddlebackhas a population of about 6000 birds on at least 14 predator-free islands and the South Island saddleback has a population of about2000on17islands(Ballance&Merton,2007).