PROBLEM ANIMALS A CRITICAL GENEALOGY OF ANIMAL CRUELTY AND ANIMAL WELFARE IN SWEDISH POLITICS – Per-Anders Svärd Stockholm Studies in Politics  Problem Animals A Critical Genealogy of Animal Cruelty and Animal Welfare in Swedish Politics – Per-Anders Svärd © Per-Anders Svärd, Stockholm University  Cover image © Emanu Garnheim  ISBN ---- Stockholm Studies in Politics  ISSN - Printed in Sweden by Holmbergs, Malmö . Distributed by the Department of Political Science, Stockholm University For my daughter, Ellen Contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... xiii Introduction .........................................................................................................................................  I. Whence the Animal Welfare Regime? ......................................................................................................  The Regulation vs. Abolition Controversy ...........................................................................................  II. Aim and Scope of the Study .......................................................................................................................  Material and Delimitations ..................................................................................................................... Overview of Legislation on Animal Treatment – ........................................................ III. Disposition .................................................................................................................................................... . Toward a Critical Genealogy of Animal Welfarism: Theoretical and Methodological Considerations .........................................................  I. Discourse and Identity ................................................................................................................................. II. Lacanian Psychoanalysis: Lack, Enjoyment, and Desire ................................................................... Enjoyment as a Political Factor ............................................................................................................. Ideological Fantasy ................................................................................................................................... Animal Rites: Speciesism as Institutionalized Practice .................................................................. III. Interrogating Political Problems ............................................................................................................ IV. Synthesis and Analytical Framework ................................................................................................... Coding and Analytical Categorization................................................................................................ Filling in the Gap: History between the Real and Representation ............................................. V. On Animal Rights and Human Wrongs ................................................................................................. . From Indifference to Benevolence: Changing Attitudes toward Animals in Europe and Sweden .................................  I. European Perspectives ................................................................................................................................ The Middle Class Thesis ........................................................................................................................... Animals and the Civilizing Process ...................................................................................................... Disciplining the “Dangerous Classes” ................................................................................................. Animality, Nation, and “Race” in the Age of Empire ...................................................................... Vivisection and the gendering of the animal cause ....................................................................... II. Anti-Cruelty and Animal Protection Ideas in Sweden ...................................................................... The Origins of the Swedish Animal Protection Movement ......................................................... Cultural and Intellectual In�uences on the Swedish Movement ............................................... Social Composition and Image of the Movement .......................................................................... Continuity or Discontinuity? .................................................................................................................. Kindness to Animals in the Countryside ............................................................................................ From Contract to Cynicism—or Beyond Binaries? ......................................................................... Vivisection in Sweden .............................................................................................................................. Other Works ................................................................................................................................................ III. Summary ........................................................................................................................................................ . “I Do Not Want to Speak Here of the Educated Classes …”: Classifying Animal Cruelty – .............................................................................  Overview of Reform Efforts and Legislation – .............................................................. I. Main Problem Representations ................................................................................................................ The Problem of the Lower-Class Animal Abuser ............................................................................. The Problem of Human Brutalization ................................................................................................. The Problem of Line Drawing................................................................................................................ II. Conditions and Effects of the Problem Representations ............................................................... A Natural Hierarchy .................................................................................................................................. The Fantasy of the Animal-abusing Other ........................................................................................ The Articulation of Animal Vulnerability and its Limits ................................................................ Animal Nationalism .................................................................................................................................. Visible and Symbolic Animals ............................................................................................................  Animal Rites Before Animal Rights: Border-patrolling the Kingdom of Ends ....................  III. Summary and Conclusions ...................................................................................................................  . Prometheus Unbound: Anatomy of the Vivisection Debates – ......................................................  I. Vivisection: A Historical Background ...................................................................................................  Early Vivisection and Anti-Vivisectionism in Sweden .................................................................  Overview of Reform Proposals – ...................................................................................  II. Main Problem Representations ............................................................................................................  The Challenge to Vivisection ..............................................................................................................  In Defense of Vivisection......................................................................................................................  III. Conditions and Effects of the Problem Representations ...........................................................  Idealism vs. Materialism .......................................................................................................................  The Meaning of Cruelty ........................................................................................................................  Nature Red in Tooth and Claw: Human Dominion and Nature’s Own Vivisection ..........  Vegetarianism and Other Absurdities .............................................................................................  Straining Gnats and Swallowing Camels: The Tu-Quoque Argument .................................  The Split Society and the Vivisector’s Perverse Enjoyment ......................................................  IV. Summary and Conclusions ...................................................................................................................  . When All Animals Became Equal: Zoologies of Inclusion and Exclusion – .....................................................  Overview of Reform Efforts and Legislation ..................................................................................  I. Main Problem Representations .............................................................................................................  The Problems of Lower-Class Animal Abuse and Human Brutalization ...............................  The Problem of Live Animal Transports ..........................................................................................  The Problem of Animals in the Wild .................................................................................................  The Problem of De�ning “Apparent Cruelty”................................................................................  II. Conditions and Effects of the Problem Representations .............................................................  The Constitutive Crisis of Cruelty ......................................................................................................  Animal Vulnerability and the Ghost of Vegetarianism ...............................................................  Sweden and Other Countries .............................................................................................................  “These Fanatical Animal Protection Societies” .............................................................................  The Dislocation of the Animal Protectionists ................................................................................  III. Summary and Conclusions ...................................................................................................................  . Struggling to State the Obvious: Taxonomies of Animal Harm – .....................................................................  Overview of Reform Efforts and Legislation – ...........................................................  I. Main Problem Representations .............................................................................................................  Elusive Cruelty .........................................................................................................................................  The Government’s  Proposition ...............................................................................................  The  Debates ..................................................................................................................................  II. Conditions and Effects of the Problem Representations .............................................................  The Space–Time of Interspecies Justice ..........................................................................................  Animal Vulnerability ..............................................................................................................................  The Slaughter of Bees ...........................................................................................................................  III. Summary and Conclusions ...................................................................................................................  . Terrible Things Will Remain: The Slaughter Debates – ................................................................................  Overview of Reform Proposals – ...................................................................................  I. Main Problem Representations .............................................................................................................  The Problem of Traditional Home Slaughter ................................................................................  The Problem of Shechita ......................................................................................................................  In Defense of Shechita ..........................................................................................................................  Solving the Problem of Shechita .......................................................................................................  The Problem of the Danish-American Slaughter Method.........................................................  The Problem of Reindeer Slaughter .................................................................................................  Death Ex Machina: The Introduction of Electric Stunning ........................................................  II. Why a Slaughter Law? Conditions and Effects of the Problem Representations .................  The Other as Scapegoat .......................................................................................................................  III. Summary and Conclusions ...................................................................................................................  . Protecting the Animals? The Rise of Animal Welfarism – ....................................................................  Overview of Reform Efforts and Legislation – ...........................................................  I. Main Problem Representations .............................................................................................................  The New Problem of Animal Maltreatment ...................................................................................  Vivisection ................................................................................................................................................  Animal Transports ..................................................................................................................................  Protection of Slaughter Animals .......................................................................................................  Castration, Tail Docking, and Ear Cropping ...................................................................................  Exit Cruelty, Enter Suffering: The New Criminal Code ................................................................  II. Conditions and Effects of the Problem Representations .............................................................  Animal Vulnerability ..............................................................................................................................  The Dangers and Promises of Animal Protectionism .................................................................  Nationalism ..............................................................................................................................................  III. The Rise of Animal Welfarism ...............................................................................................................  Reaffirming speciesist relations .........................................................................................................  . Conclusions ..............................................................................................................................  I. Changing Problem Representations ....................................................................................................  II. The Meaning of the Welfarist Turn ......................................................................................................  Cruelty from Crisis to Collapse ...........................................................................................................  The Role of Ideological Fantasy .........................................................................................................  Speciesist Backlash and the Triumph of Difference ....................................................................  III. Implications for Future Research ........................................................................................................  IV. Implications for Animal Advocacy Today ........................................................................................  Sammanfattning ...........................................................................................................................  Djurskyddsideologins uppkomst .............................................................................................................  Lagstiftning om djurplågeri och djurskydd –............................................................  Syfte och frågeställningar, teori och metod .........................................................................................  Från djurplågeriförbud till djurskydd .....................................................................................................  Den djurskyddsliga vändningen och dess betydelse .......................................................................  Grymhetens kris och kollaps ............................................................................................................... 