ONE PLUS ONE EQUALS ONE 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OXDP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries ©JohnArchibald Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin Impression: Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicence,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber: ISBN –––– PrintedinGreatBritainby ClaysLtd,StIvesplc For Shauna, Cameron, and Miles ColinTurnbull()tookapygmyfriend,Kenge,outoftheforestfor the first time in his life, and they climbed a mountain together and looked out over the plains. Kenge saw some buffalo ‘grazing lazily severalmilesaway,fardownbelow.Heturnedtomeandsaid.“What insectsarethose?”...AtfirstIhardlyunderstood,thenIrealizedthat intheforestvisionissolimitedthatthereisnogreatneedtomakean automaticallowancefordistancewhenjudgingsize.Outhereinthe plains,Kengewaslookingforthefirsttimeoverapparentlyunending milesofunfamiliargrasslands,withnotatreeworththenametogive himanybasisforcomparison...WhenItoldKengethattheinsects were buffalo, he roared with laughter and told me not to tell such stupidlies.’ RichardDawkins,,TheExtendedPhenotype,p. CONTENTS ListofFigures viii AcknowledgementsandNotetoReader x Introduction  . Life as We Don’t Know It  . Revolutions in Biology  . The Seeds of Symbiosis  . Molecular Rulersof Life’s Kingdoms  . Bacteria Become Organelles: An Insider’s Take  . The Complex Cell: When, Who, Where, and How?  . Green Evolution, Green Revolution  . Back to the Future  . Epilogue  Glossary  Endnotes  Index  vii LIST OF FIGURES . Schematicdiagramsshowingcross-sectionsof prokaryoticandeukaryoticcells.  . SchematicdiagramshowingthepackagingofDNA withinthenucleusofaeukaryoticcell.  . Schematicevolutionarytreesdepictingtheclassical andsymbioticviewsoftheevolutionofeukaryotic organismsfromprokaryoticcells.  . Simplifiedschematicdiagramshowingtheprocess ofATPsynthesisinoxygen-utilizingmitochondria.  . Schematicevolutionarytreesshowingtherelative positionsofeukaryoticlineageswithandwithout classicalmitochondria.  . Twoevolutionaryscenariosfortheoriginofthe mitochondrionandtheeukaryoticcell.  . Transmissionelectronmicrographicimagesshowing theinternalstructureofacomplexalgalcell.  . Simplifiedschematicdiagramshowingtheprocess ofoxygenicphotosynthesisinchloroplasts.  . Endosymbioticeventsgivingrisetophotosynthesisin eukaryotes.  . Schematicevolutionarytreedepictingtherelationships betweensomeoftheeukaryoticlineagesdiscussed throughoutthisbook.  viii LIST OF FIGURES . (A)Transmissionelectronmicrographicimageof Paulinellachromatophora;(B)alightmicrographicimage ofPaulinellashowinginternalstructures;(C)light micrographicimageofRhopalodiasp.  ix