MILITARIZED MODERNITY AND GENDERED CITIZENSHIP IN SOUTH KOREA Mapof Korean Peninsula POLITICS,HISTORY,ANDCULTURE AseriesfromtheInternationalInstitute attheUniversityofMichigan SeriesEditors:GeorgeSteinmetzandJuliaAdams SeriesEditorialAdvisoryBoard:FernandoCoronil, MamadouDiouf,MichaelDutton,GeoffEley,Fatma MügeGöcek,NancyRoseHunt,AndreasKalyvasWebb Keane,DavidLaitin,LydiaLiu,JulieSkurski,Margaret Somers,AnnLauraStoler,KatherineVerdery,Elizabeth Wingrove SponsoredbytheInternationalInstituteattheUniversity ofMichiganandpublishedbyDukeUniversityPress,this seriesiscenteredaroundculturalandhistoricalstudiesof power,politics,andthestate—afieldthatcutsacrossthe disciplinesofhistory,sociology,anthropology,political science,andculturalstudies.Thefocusontherelation- shipbetweenstateandculturerefersbothtoamethod- ologicalapproach—thestudyofpoliticsandthestate usingculturalistmethods—andtoasubstantiveonethat treatssignifyingpracticesasanessentialdimensionof politics.Thedialecticofpolitics,culture,andhistoryfig- uresprominentlyinallthebooksselectedfortheseries. MILITARIZED MODERNITY AND GENDERED CITIZENSHIP IN SOUTH KOREA SeungsookMoon DukeUniversityPress DurhamandLondon 2005 ©2005DukeUniversityPress Allrightsreserved PrintedintheUnitedStatesof Americaonacid-freepaper(cid:6) DesignedbyAmyRuthBuchanan TypesetinMinionbyTseng InformationSystems,Inc. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in- PublicationDataappearonthelast printedpageofthisbook. ToFarzin,Dosŏn,andMahin CONTENTS Acknowledgments ix ANoteonKoreanLanguageConventions xi Introduction:TheGenderPoliticsofNationBuilding andCitizenshipinSouthKorea 1 PARTI.MILITARIZEDMODERNITYANDGENDERED MASSMOBILIZATION,1963–1987 1.TheHistoricalRootsandtheRiseofMilitarized Modernity 17 2.MobilizedtoBeMartialandProductive: Men’sSubjectiontotheNationandtheMasculine SubjectivityofFamilyProvider 44 3.MarginalizedinProductionandMobilizedtoBe Domestic:Women’sIncorporationintotheNation 68 PARTII.THEDECLINEOFMILITARIZEDMODERNITY ANDTHETRAJECTORIESOFGENDEREDCITIZENSHIP, 1988–2002 4.TheDeclineofMilitarizedModernityandtheRise oftheDiscourseofDemocratization 97 5.TheTrajectoryofMen’sCitizenshipasShapedby MilitaryandEconomicMobilization 123 viii Contents 6.TheTrajectoryofWomen’sCitizenship asShapedbyTheirEconomicMarginalizationas Reproducers 147 Conclusion:Modernity,Gender,andCitizenship 173 ChronologyofPoliticalEvents 183 Notes 185 References 213 Index 239 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Intheprocessofdoingresearchandwritingthisbook,Ihave benefitedfromthesupportofnumerousindividuals.Graciouslysharingtheir timeandthoughts,manypeopleturnedtheseeminglysolitaryendeavorinto intersubjectiveengagements.IwouldliketothankRogerJanelli,LaurelKen- dall,andUmaNarayanforreadinganearlierversionofthisbook.Iwouldalso liketothankNancyAbelmann,CynthiaEnloe,andJohnLiefortheirinter- ests in my work and reading all or parts of a later version.Theircomments wereveryhelpfulforsharpeningmyideas.IalsoowethankstoMarthaKaplan andEileenLeonardfortheirintellectualsupport.Igainedsubstantiallyfrom myconversationswithJoo-hyunCho,HyaeweolChoi,Chŏng-hŭiKim,Seung KyungKim,andKwang-yŏungShinatvariousstagesofwritingthisbook. Thebirthofthisbookwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthegenerous assistanceIreceivedfromVassarCollege,includingaone-yearsabbaticalleave and several faculty research grants. Myappointment as a visiting scholarat theKoreaInstituteatHarvardUniversityduringfall2002andfall2003also facilitatedmywriting.MythanksgotoCarterEckert,SunjooKim,andDavid McCannforcordiallyhostingme.IwouldalsoliketothankJ.ReynoldsSmith, myeditorat Duke University Press, forappreciating my work for what it is andrecognizingitsrelevancebeyondKoreanstudiesorEastAsianstudies.Al- thoughthisbookisastudyseparatefrommydissertation,specialthanksgoto mymentorsGordonFellmanandShulamitReinharzatBrandeisUniversity, whohavegivenmeenduringnurturance. JoyHyunKimattheKoreaHeritageLibraryattheUniversityofSouthern California and Angy Kim and Peter Owens, my student assistants at Vassar College,gavemereliableassistanceformyresearch.Iwouldalsoliketothank thelateT’ae-wuYiandPaek-kwanSŏngforhelpingmetocarryoutresearch attheInstituteforDefenseAnalysis. For collecting the valuable pictures that appear in this book, I am in-