PalgraveStudiesinEuropeanUnionPolitics Editedby:MichelleEgan,AmericanUniversityUSA,NeillNugent,VisitingProfessor,Collegeof Europe,Bruges,andHonoraryProfessor,UniversityofSalford,UK,andWilliamPatersonOBE, UniversityofAston,UK. EditorialBoard:ChristopherHill,Cambridge,UK,SimonHix,LondonSchoolofEconomics,UK, MarkPollack,TempleUniversity,USA,KalypsoNicolaïdis,OxfordUK,MortenEgeberg,Univer- sityofOslo,Norway,AmyVerdun,UniversityofVictoria,Canada,ClaudioM.Radaelli,University ofExeter,UK,andFrankSchimmelfennig,SwissFederalInstituteofTechnology,Switzerland. FollowingonthesustainedsuccessoftheacclaimedEuropeanUnionSeries,whichessentiallypub- lishesresearch-basedtextbooks,PalgraveStudiesinEuropeanUnionPoliticspublishescutting-edge research-drivenmonographs. Theremitoftheseriesisbroadlydefined,bothintermsofsubjectandacademicdiscipline.All topicsofsignificanceconcerningthenatureandoperationoftheEuropeanUnionpotentiallyfall withinthescopeoftheseries.Theseriesismultidisciplinarytoreflectthegrowingimportanceof theEUasapolitical,economicandsocialphenomenon. Titlesinclude: RenaudDehousse(editor) THE‘COMMUNITYMETHOD’ ObstinateorObsolete? KennethDysonandAngelosSepos(editors) WHICHEUROPE? ThePoliticsofDifferentiatedIntegration MichelleEgan,NeillNugent,andWilliamE.Paterson(editors) RESEARCHAGENDASINEUSTUDIES StalkingtheElephant TheofanisExadaktylosandClaudioM.Radaelli(editors) RESEARCHDESIGNINEUROPEANSTUDIES EstablishingCausalityinEuropeanization JackHaywardandRüdigerWurzel(editors) EUROPEANDISUNION BetweenSovereigntyandSolidarity WolframKaiserandJan-HenrikMeyer(editors) SOCIETALACTORSINEUROPEANINTEGRATION ChristianKaunertandSarahLeonard(editors) EUROPEANSECURITY,TERRORISMANDINTELLIGENCE TacklingNewSecurityChallengesinEurope ChristianKaunertandKamilZwolski TheEUASAGLOBALSECURITYACTOR AComprehensiveAnalysisbeyondCFSPandJHA MarinaKolb THEEUROPEANUNIONANDTHECOUNCILOFEUROPE FinnLaursen(editor) DESIGNINGTHEEUROPEANUNION FromParistoLisbon Karl-OskarLindgrenandThomasPersson PARTICIPATORYGOVERNANCEINTHEEU EnhancingorEndangeringDemocracyandEfficiency? DanielNaurinandHelenWallace(editors) UNVEILINGTHECOUNCILOFTHEEUROPEANUNION GamesGovernmentsPlayinBrussels DimitrisPapadimitriouandPaulCopeland(editors) THEEU’sLISBONSTRATEGY EvaluatingSuccess,UnderstandingFailure EmmanuelleSchon-Quinlivan REFORMINGTHEEUROPEANCOMMISSION RogerScullyandRichardWynJones(editors) EUROPE,REGIONSANDEUROPEANREGIONALISM YvesTiberghien(editor) LEADERSHIPINGLOBALINSTITUTIONBUILDING Minerva’sRule AsleToje AFTERTHEPOST-COLDWAR TheEuropeanUnionasaSmallPower LiubomirK.Topaloff POLITICALPARTIESANDEUROSCEPTICISM RichardG.WhitmanandStefanWolff(editors) THEEUROPEANNEIGHBOURHOODPOLICYINPERSPECTIVE Context,ImplementationandImpact RichardG.Whitman(editor) NORMATIVEPOWEREUROPE EmpiricalandTheoreticalPerspectives SarahWolff THEMEDITERRANEANDIMENSIONOFTHEEUROPEANUNION’S INTERNALSECURITY JanWouters,HansBruyninckx,SudeshnaBasuandSimonSchunz(editors) THEEUROPEANUNIONANDMULTILATERALGOVERNANCE AssessingEUParticipationinUnitedNationsHumanRightsandEnvironmentalFora PalgraveStudiesinEuropeanUnionPolitics SeriesStandingOrderISBN978–1–403–99511–7(hardback)and ISBN978–1–403–99512–4(paperback) (outsideNorthAmericaonly) Youcanreceivefuturetitlesinthisseriesastheyarepublishedbyplacingastandingorder.Please contactyourbookselleror,incaseofdifficulty,writetousattheaddressbelowwithyournameand address,thetitleoftheseriesandoneoftheISBNsquotedabove. CustomerServicesDepartment,MacmillanDistributionLtd,Houndmills,Basingstoke,Hampshire RG216XS,UK AlsobyCarolynBan HOWDOPUBLICMANAGERSMANAGE?BureaucraticConstraints, OrganizationalCulture,andthePotentialforReform LEGISLATINGBUREAUCRATICCHANGE:TheCivilServiceReform Actof1978(editedwithPatriciaY.Ingraham) PUBLICPERSONNELMANAGEMENT:CurrentConcerns,FutureChallenges, editions1,2,and3(editedwithNormaM.Riccucci) Management and Culture in an Enlarged European Commission From Diversity to Unity? Carolyn Ban Professor,GraduateSchoolofPublicandInternationalAffairs, UniversityofPittsburgh,USA ©CarolynBan2013 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorhasassertedherrighttobeidentifiedastheauthorofthiswork inaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2013by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN978–0–230–25221–9 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. 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AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 To the memory of my beloved sister, Susan Kurtzman This page intentionally left blank Contents ListofTables viii Acknowledgments ix ListofAbbreviations xi Introduction 1 1 TheForcesShapingOrganizationalCulture:TheStatus QuoAnte 27 2 TheEuropeanCommissionandtheProcessofEnlargement 51 3 TheKinnockReforms:PreparingforEnlargement, ChangingCulture? 69 4 TheOutsidersComeIn:Self-Selection,Selection,and SocializationofEntry-LevelStaff 98 5 FittingInorStandingOut?TheArrivalofManagersfrom theNewMemberStates 125 6 NationalityandRegion:WhyTheyMatterLessthan Expected 155 7 Gender:WhyItMattersMorethanExpected 176 8 Language,Culture,andManagement:TheImpactof EnlargementonLanguageUseintheCommission 202 Conclusions 225 Bibliography 249 Index 266 vii Tables 3.1 ReformofthesystemofgradesintheEuropean Commission 78 4.1 EU-10targetsandnumberrecruited 101 4.2 EU-2targetsandnumberrecruited 101 5.1 Managementrecruitmenttargetsfornewmemberstates 127 5.2 Selectionandrecruitmentprocedure:seniormanagement 135 7.1 PercentofwomenfromEU-12countriesinprofessional (AD)positions 181 7.2 PercentofwomenfromEU-15countriesinprofessional positions 182 7.3 Genderofseniorstaff,AD14–16 183 7.4 Genderbynationalgroup,AD14–16 183 7.5 ASTstafffromEU-12countries 184 viii