LymphangiogenesisinCancerMetastasis Cancer Metastasis – Biology and Treatment VOLUME13 SeriesEditors RichardJ.Ablin,Ph.D.,UniversityofArizona,CollegeofMedicineandTheArizonaCancer Center,AZ,U.S.A. WenG.Jiang,M.D.,WalesCollegeofMedicine,CardiffUniversity,Cardiff,U.K. AdvisoryEditorialBoard HaroldF.Dvorak,M.D. PhilGold,M.D.,Ph.D. DannyWelch,Ph.D. HiroshiKobayashi,M.D.,Ph.D. RobertE.Mansel,M.S.,FRCS. KlausPantel,Ph.D. RecentVolumesinthisSeries Volume6:BoneMetastasisandMolecularMechanisms Editors:GurmitSinghandWilliamOrr ISBN978-1-4020-1984-X Volume7:DNAMethylation,EpigeneticsandMetastasis Editor:ManelEsteller ISBN978-1-4020-3641-8 Volume8:CellMotilityinCancerInvasionandMetastasis Editor:AlanWells ISBN978-1-4020-4008-3 Volume9:CellAdhesionandCytoskeletalMoleculesinMetastasis Editors:AnneE.CressandRaymondB.Nagle ISBN978-1-4020-5128-X Volume10:MetastasisofProstateCancer Editors:RichardJ.AblinandMalcolmD.Mason ISBN978-1-4020-5846-2 Volume11:MetastasisofBreastCancer Editors:RobertE.Mansel,OysteinFodstadandWenG.Jiang ISBN978-1-4020-5866-7 Volume12:BoneMetastases:ATranslationalandClinicalApproach Editors:DimitriosKardamakis,VassiliosVassiliouandEdwardChow ISBN978-1-4020-9818-5 Volume13:LymphangiogenesisinCancerMetastasis Editors:StevenA.StackerandMarcG.Achen ISBN978-90-481-2246-2 Lymphangiogenesis in Cancer Metastasis Editedby Steven A. Stacker LudwigInstituteforCancerResearch,RoyalMelbourneHospital,Parkville,Victoria,Australia and Marc G. Achen LudwigInstituteforCancerResearch,RoyalMelbourneHospital,Parkville,Victoria,Australia 123 Editors Dr.StevenA.Stacker Dr.MarcG.Achen LudwigInstituteforCancerResearch LudwigInstituteforCancerResearch RoyalMelbourneHospital RoyalMelbourneHospital Parkville,Victoria3050 Parkville,Victoria3050 Australia Australia [email protected] [email protected] ISBN:978-90-481-2246-2 e-ISBN:978-90-481-2247-9 DOI10.1007/978-90-481-2247-9 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009921270 (cid:2)c SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2009 Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,microfilming,recording orotherwise,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthePublisher,withtheexception ofanymaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingentered andexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework. Printedonacid-freepaper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com Contents 1 LYMPHANGIOGENESIS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE – AN OVERVIEW ................................................... 1 StevenA.Stacker,MarcG.Achen,PaulaHaikoandKariAlitalo 2 INSIGHTINTOLYMPHATICVASCULATUREDEVELOPMENT . 11 NicoleC.JohnsonandGuillermoOliver 3 NEWANIMALMODELSOFLYMPHANGIOGENESIS .......... 27 BenjaminM.HoganandStefanSchulte-Merker 4 MOLECULARMECHANISMSOFLYMPHNODEMETASTASIS . 55 MatthiasRinderknechtandMichaelDetmar 5 THE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF LYMPH-NODE METASTASIS ................................................. 83 MarkB.FariesandDonaldL.Morton 6 CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF LYMPHATIC VESSELS AND OF LYMPHANGIOGENESIS INHUMANCANCER ..........................................119 IlseVanderAuwera,PeterB.VermeulenandLucY. Dirix 7 LYMPHANGIOGENESIS AND IMAGING OF THE LYMPHATICSINCANCER ....................................159 Baris Turkbey, Gregory Ravizzini, Peter L. Choyke andHisatakaKobayashi 8 LYMPHANGIOLEIOMYOMATOSIS ............................185 KuniakiSeyama,ToshioKumasaka,TeruhikoSatoandKeikoMitani 9 KAPOSI’SSARCOMAANDTHELYMPHATICS ................211 VictoriaEmussandChrisBoshoff v vi Contents 10 LYMPHATICPHYSIOLOGYANDFUNCTIONINHEALTHY TISSUEANDCANCER.........................................231 JacquelineD.ShieldsandMelodyA.Swartz Index .............................................................247 Contributors MarcG.Achen Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria3050,Australia,[email protected] KariAlitalo Molecular/CancerBiologyLaboratory,BiomedicumHelsinki,FI-00014Helsinki, Finland,kari.alitalo@helsinki.fi ChrisBoshoff CR-UKViralOncologyGroup,UCLCancerInstitute,UCL,WC1E6BT,London, UK,[email protected] PeterL.Choyke Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD 20892-1088,USA,[email protected] MichaelDetmar InstituteofPharmaceuticalSciences,SwissFederalInstituteofTechnology,ETH Zurich,HCIH303,CH-8093Zurich,Switzerland,[email protected] LucY.Dirix Translational Cancer Research Group, Laboratory of Pathology, University of Antwerp/University Hospital Antwerp; Oncology Centre, General Hospital Sint-Augustinus,2610Wilrijk,Belgium,[email protected] VictoriaEmuss CR-UKViralOncologyGroup,UCLCancerInstitute,UCL,WC1E6BT,London, UK,[email protected] MarkB.Faries Division of Surgical Oncology, The Roy E. Coats Research Laboratories, John WayneCancer Institute,SaintJohn’sHealthCenter,2200 SantaMonicaBlvd., SantaMonica,CA90404,USA,[email protected] PaulaHaiko Molecular/CancerBiologyLaboratory,BiomedicumHelsinki,FI-00014Helsinki, Finland,[email protected].fi vii viii Contributors BenjaminM.Hogan HubrechtInstitute(KNAW),UniversityMedicalCenterUtrecht,Uppsalalaan8, Utrecht3584CT,TheNetherlands,[email protected] NicoleC.Johnson Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 332 N. Lauderdale, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA, [email protected] HisatakaKobayashi Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD 20892-1088,USA,[email protected] ToshioKumasaka Human Pathology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku,Tokyo113-8421,Japan,kumasaka [email protected] KeikoMitani Human Pathology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku,Tokyo113-8421,Japan,[email protected] DonaldL.Morton Division of Surgical Oncology, The Roy E. Coats Research Laboratories, John WayneCancer Institute,SaintJohn’sHealthCenter,2200 SantaMonicaBlvd., SantaMonica,CA90404,USA,[email protected] GuillermoOliver Dept.ofGeneticsandTumorCellBiology,St.JudeChildren’sResearchHospital, 262DannyThomasPlace,Memphis,TN38105-3678,[email protected] GregoryRavizzini Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD 20892-1088,USA,[email protected] MatthiasRinderknecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Tech- nology, ETH Zurich, HCI H303, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, [email protected] TeruhikoSato DepartmentsofRespiratoryMedicine,JuntendoUniversitySchoolofMedicine, 2-1-1Hongo,Bunkyo-Ku,Tokyo113-8421,Japan,[email protected] StefanSchulte-Merker HubrechtInstitute(KNAW),UniversityMedicalCenterUtrecht,Uppsalalaan8, Utrecht3584CT,TheNetherlands,[email protected] KuniakiSeyama DepartmentofRespiratoryMedicine,JuntendoUniversity,SchoolofMedicine, 2-1-1Hongo,Bunkyo-Ku,Tokyo113-8421,Japan,[email protected] Contributors ix JacquelineD.Shields InstituteofBioengineering,E´colePolytechniqueFe´de´raledeLausanne(EPFL), CH-1015Lausanne,Switzerland,mailto:jacqueline.shields@epfl.ch StevenA.Stacker Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria3050,Australia,[email protected] MelodyA.Swartz InstituteofBioengineering,E´colePolytechniqueFe´de´raledeLausanne(EPFL), CH-1015Lausanne,Switzerland,melody.swartz@epfl.ch BarisTurkbey Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD 20892-1088,USA,[email protected] IlseVanderAuwera Translational Cancer Research Group, Laboratory of Pathology, University of Antwerp/University Hospital Antwerp; Oncology Centre, General Hospital Sint-Augustinus, Oosterveldlaan 24, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium, [email protected] PeterB.Vermeulen Translational Cancer Research Group, Laboratory of Pathology, University of Antwerp/University Hospital Antwerp; Oncology Centre, General Hospital Sint-Augustinus,2610Wilrijk,Belgium,peter [email protected]