ISLAM, POLITICS AND CHANGE The Indonesian Experience after the Fall of Suharto Edited by Kees van Dijk and Nico J.G. Kaptein Islam,PoliticsandChange lucisseries‘debatesonislamandsociety’ LeidenUniversityPress AtpresentimportantdebatesaboutIslamandsocietytakeplacebothinthe WestandintheMuslimworlditself.Academicshaveconsiderableexpertise onmanyofthekeyissuesinthesedebates,whichtheywouldliketomake available to a larger audience. In its turn, current scholarly research on IslamandMuslimsocietiesistoacertainextentinfluencedbydebatesin society. Leiden University has a long tradition in the study of Islam and Muslimsocieties,pastandpresent,bothfromaphilologicalandhistorical perspective and from a social science approach. Its scholars work in an international context, maintaining close ties with colleagues worldwide. ThepeerreviewedLUCISseriesaimsatdisseminatingknowledgeonIslam andMuslimsocietiesproducedbyscholarsworkingatorinvitedbyLeiden Universityasacontributiontocontemporarydebatesinsociety. Editors: LéonBuskens PetraSijpesteijn Editorialboard: MauritsBerger NicoJ.G.Kaptein JanMichielOtto NikolaosvanDam BaudouinDupret(Rabat) Marie-ClaireFoblets(Leuven) AmaliaZomeño(Madrid) Othertitlesinthisseries: DavidCrawford,BartDeseyn,NostalgiaforthePresent.Ethnographyand PhotographyinaMoroccanBerberVillage,2014. MauritsS.Berger(editor),ApplyingShariaʿaintheWest.Facts,Fearsandthe FutureofIslamicRulesonFamilyRelationsintheWest,2013. PetraM.Sijpesteijn,WhyArabic?,2012. Jan Michiel Otto, Hannah Mason (editors), Delicate Debates on Islam. PolicymakersandAcademicsSpeakingwithEachOther,2011. Islam, Politics and Change The Indonesian Experience after the Fall of Suharto Edited by Kees van Dijk and Nico J.G. Kaptein LeidenUniversityPress Theauthorsandeditorsgratefullyacknowledgefinancialsupportfromthe IslamResearchProgramme–Jakarta,fundedbytheMinistryofForeign AffairsoftheKingdomoftheNetherlands.Theviewspresentedinthisvolume representthoseoftheauthorsandareinnowayattributabletotheIRPOffice oftheMinistry. Coverdesign:TarekAtrissiDesign Coverillustration:Kzenon/Shutterstock(Imageid:226902868) Layout:TATZetwerk isbn9789087282387 e-isbn9789400602311(e-pdf) e-isbn9789400602328(e-pub) nur692,717 ©KeesvanDijk,NicoJ.G.Kaptein/LeidenUniversityPress,2016 ThisworkislicensedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution- NonCommercial4.0InternationalLicense.Toviewacopyofthislicense, visithttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. ThisbookisdistributedinNorthAmericabytheUniversityofChicagoPress (www.press.uchicago.edu). Contents ListofTablesandFigures 9 ListofIllustrations 11 Introduction 13 KeesvanDijkandNicoJ.G.Kaptein Part1:IslamicPoliticalPartiesandSocio-Religious Organisations 21 KeesvanDijk  AStudyoftheInternalDynamicsoftheProsperousJusticeParty andJamaahTarbiyah 29 Ahmad-NormaPermata  Introduction 29  HistoricalDevelopmentsandInstitutionalSettings 40  Ideology,Organisation,Factionalism 47  DemocraticParticipation 61  Conclusion 74 Appendix 77  TheMosqueastheReligiousSphere:LookingattheConflictover theAlMuttaqunMosque 79 SyaifudinZuhri  Introduction 79  Thepks’ViewoftheCentralityoftheMosque 82  ThepksinKlaten 86  DisputesoverAlMuttaqunMosque 88  TheConflictbetweenthepksandMuhammadiyahinPram- bananReachesitsClimax 94  Conclusion 100 6 islam,politicsandchange  EnforcingReligiousFreedominIndonesia:MuslimElitesandthe AhmadiyahControversyafterthe2011CikeusikClash 103 BastiaanScherpen  Introduction 103  Muslims,MinoritiesandDemocracy 103  TheState 106  VoicesofIslaminCivilSociety 115  Conclusion 127 Part2:Sharia-BasedLegislationandtheLegalPositionofWomen andChildren 133 KeesvanDijk  Sharia-BasedLaws:TheLegalPositionofWomenandChildrenin BantenandWestJava 137 EuisNurlaelawati  Introduction 137  WomeninIndonesia’sNationalStatutoryandLocalRegulations 139  WomenatReligiousCourts:Judges’LegalDiscretion 143  Sharia-BasedLocalRegulations:JilbabRequirementinCianjur 153  TheRelevanceofSharia-BasedLawsinIndonesiatoInterna- tionalTreaties:SomeVoicesandaCriticalAnalysis 155  Conclusion 164  TheIslamicCourtofBulukumbaandWomen’sAccesstoDivorce andPost-DivorceRights 167 StijnvanHuis  Introduction 167  Bulukumba,itsIslamicCourtanditsShariaByelaws 168  TheIslamicCourtofBulukumbaandWomen’sDivorceRights 174  TheIslamicCourtofBulukumbaandWomen’sPost-Divorce Rights 183  Conclusion 191  WomeninLocalPolitics:TheByelawonProstitutioninBantul 195 MuhammadLatifFauzi  Introduction 195  FromtheCepuriPilgrimtoSexualFavours 197 contents 7  TheMakingofaProstitutionByelaw 202  ContestationovertheMeaningofProstitution 205  ProstitutionandCriminalisationofWomen 207  Conclusion 214 Appendix 214 Part3:ShariaandCountercultureinAceh 217 KeesvanDijk  Neo-Sufism,Shariatism,andUlamaPolitics:AbuyaShaykhAmran WalyandtheTauhid-TasawufMovementinAceh 221 MochNurIchwan  Introduction 221  ShariatismandSufism:Never-EndingStruggle? 222  SyeikhAmranWalyandMajelisPengkajianTauhidTasawuf (mptt) 231  SomeAspectsofAmranWaly’sTeachings 234  FatwaagainstAmranWalyandHisMovement 241  Themptt’sUlamaMeetingof2010:ShariaUlama’sIntervention 242  PoliticalAlliance:StruggleforExistence 243  Conclusion 245  CulturalResistancetoShariatisminAceh 247 RezaIdria  Introduction 247  ShariaforaDecade:AViewfromWithin 250  ResistancetoSharia:AnOverview 254  ShariaandCulturalResistance:VoicesfromBelow 257  ChallengingArabisationthroughArabFilms 258  Punk:ResistancetoShariafromtheStreet 261  ConcludingRemarks 267  ImagesofViolenceandPietyinAceh 269 DavidKloos  Introduction 269  ViolenceandReligionasDefiningAspectsofAcehneseHistory 273  GlobalJihad,or‘MoneyandGuns’? 278  FromIndraPatrato‘CrazyAceh’:ABriefGenealogyofStruggle 284  Conclusion 290 8 islam,politicsandchange Bibliography 295 Glossary 313 AbouttheAuthors 323 Index 327 List of Tables and Figures table pksInvolvementinlocalgovernmentsimplementing Shariaregulations 77 table ResultsoftheNationalandBantulElectionsin2004and 2009 214 table ProstitutionactionsintheBantulcourt(2007–2011) 215 figure Sub-divisionofIndonesianMuslimBrotherhood 35 figure Femalemps(2009–2014)andcandidates(2009)inthe IndonesianParliament 55 figure Organisationalstructureofthepks 58