Introduction to Fluid Mechanics provides a balanced and uniquely visual treatment of the tools used in solving modern fluid mechanics problems. Presenting an image-intensive approach to fluid dynamics through classic kinematic concepts, the book demonstrates the importance of flow visualization in a framework of modern experimental techniques and flow simulation.Detailed photographs and diagrams of fluid motions and phenomena throughout the text help students to see and understand why equations change drastically for different types of flows. Output illustrations from CFD (computational fluid dynamics) programs illustrate the possibilities of flow behavior, enabling students to concentrate on ideas instead of mathematics. The book also provides the means to solve interesting problems early in the course by presenting case studies at the beginning of the text. These cases are revisited later to reinforce empirical rules and help explain advanced methods of analyzing a flow.Creating a foundation for further study in this important and exciting field, Introduction to Fluid Mechanics is ideal for a first course in fluid mechanics. The book is designed to accommodate students concentrating in mechanical engineering as well as those in the civil, aerospace, and chemical engineering fields.-Книга предлагает сбалансированную и уникальную визуальную демонстрацию инструментов, используемых в решении современных задач механики жидкостей. Предлагая интенсивный визуально-ориентированный подход к гидрогазодинамике через классические кинематические понятия, демонстрируется важность визуализации потока в структуре современных экспериментальных методов и моделирования потока. Детальные фотографии и диаграммы движений жидкостей и явлений по тексту помогают студентам видеть и понять, почему уравнения изменяются решительно для различных типов потоков. Выходные данные программы CFD (вычислительная гидрогазодинамика) иллюстрируют возможности поведения потока, позволяя студентам сконцентрироваться на идеях вместо математики. Книга также представляет средства для решения интересных проблем на ранних стадиях, путем представления тематических исследований, в начале этого текста. Эти случаи повторно освещаются позже, чтобы укрепить эмпирические правила, и помогают объяснить передовые методы анализа потока. Создавая базу для дальнейшего исследования в этой важной и захватывающей области, книга идеальна для первого курса изучения механики жидкостей. Книга разработана предназначена для студентов, специализирующихся в машиностроении, а также в гражданской, космической, и химической инженерии.-Релиз группы 
-ОглавлениеCHAPTER 1Fundamental Concepts1.1 Introduction 31.2 Gases, Liquids, and Solids 141.3 Methods of Description 221.3.1 Continuum Hypothesis 231.3.2 Continuum and Noncontinuum Descriptions 241.3.3 Molecular Description 261.3.4 Lagrangian Description 271.3.5 Eulerian Description 271.3.6 Choice of Description 281.4 Dimensions and Unit Systems 291.4.1 {MLtT} Systems 301.4.2 {FLtT} Systems 311.4.3 {FMLtT} Systems 311.4.4 Preferred Unit Systems 321.4.5 Unit Conversions 331.5 Problem Solving 341.6 Summary 35Problems 36CHAPTER 2Fluid Properties2.1 Introduction 432.2 Mass, Weight, and Density 432.2.1 Speciﬁc Weight 482.2.2 Speciﬁc Gravity 492.3 Pressure 512.3.1 Pressure Variation in a Stationary Fluid 542.3.2 Manometer Readings 572.3.3 Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle 582.3.4 Pressure Variation in a Moving Fluid 602.4 Temperature and Other Thermal Properties 642.4.1 Speciﬁc Heat 652.4.2 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 672.5 The Perfect Gas Law 702.5.1 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and SpeciﬁcHeats of a Perfect Gas 702.5.2 Limits of Applicability 712.6 Bulk Compressibility Modulus 732.6.1 Speed of Sound 762.7 Viscosity 802.7.1 Viscous Dissipation 832.7.2 Bulk Viscosity 832.8 Surface Tension 852.8.1 Pressure Jump Across a Curved Interface 872.8.2 Contact Angle and Wetting 902.8.3 Capillary Action 902.9 Fluid Energy 932.9.1 Internal Energy 932.9.2 Kinetic Energy 942.9.3 Potential Energy 952.9.4 Total Energy 952.10 Summary 97Problems 99CHAPTER 3Case Studies in Fluid Mechanics3.1 Introduction 1033.2 Common Dimensionless Groups in FluidMechanics 1053.3 Case Studies 1143.3.1 Flow in a Round Pipe 1153.3.2 Flow Through Area Change 1203.3.3 Pump and Fan Laws 1243.3.4 Flat Plate Boundary Layer 1283.3.5 Drag on Cylinders and Spheres 1323.3.6 Lift and Drag on Airfoils 1373.4 Summary 140Problems 141CHAPTER 4Fluid Forces4.1 Introduction 1464.2 Classiﬁcation of Fluid Forces 1484.3 The Origins of Body and Surface Forces 1494.4 Body Forces 1524.5 Surface Forces 1604.5.1 Flow Over a Flat Plate 1714.5.2 Flow Through a Round Pipe 1734.5.3 Lift and Drag 1754.6 Stress in a Fluid 1784.7 Force Balance in a Fluid 1874.8 Summary 190Problems 191CHAPTER 5Fluid Statics5.1 Introduction 1975.2 Hydrostatic Stress 1995.3 Hydrostatic Equation 2015.3.1 Integral Hydrostatic Equation 2025.3.2 Differential Hydrostatic Equation 2055.4 Hydrostatic Pressure Distribution 2105.4.1 Constant Density Fluid in a Gravity Field 2115.4.2 Variable Density Fluid in a Gravity Field 2185.4.3 Constant Density Fluid in Rigid Rotation 2225.4.4 Constant Density Fluid in Rectilinear Acceleration 2295.5 Hydrostatic Force 2335.5.1 Planar Aligned Surface 2345.5.2 Planar Nonaligned Surface 2385.5.3 Curved Surface 2485.6 Hydrostatic Moment 2525.6.1 Planar Aligned Surface 2565.6.2 Planar Nonaligned Surface 2605.7 Resultant Force and Point of Application 2675.8 Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle 2695.9 Equilibrium and Stability of Immersed Bodies 2755.10 Summary 278Problems 280CHAPTER 6The Velocity Field and Fluid Transport6.1 Introduction 2996.2 The Fluid Velocity Field 3006.3 Fluid Acceleration 3126.4 The Substantial Derivative 3196.5 Classiﬁcation of Flows 3206.5.1 One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flow 3216.5.2 Uniform, Axisymmetric, and Spatially Periodic Flow 3276.5.3 Fully Developed Flow 3316.5.4 Steady Flow, Steady Process, and TemporallyPeriodic Flow 3326.6 No-Slip, No-Penetration Boundary Conditions 3366.7 Fluid Transport 3376.7.1 Convective Transport 3406.7.2 Diffusive Transport 3486.7.3 Total Transport 3526.8 Average Velocity and Flowrate 3586.9 Summary 363Problems 365CHAPTER 7Control Volume Analysis7.1 Introduction 3757.2 Basic Concepts: System and Control Volume 3767.3 System and Control Volume Analysis 3777.4 Reynolds Transport Theorem for a System 3817.5 Reynolds Transport Theorem for a Control Volume 3827.6 Control Volume Analysis 3857.6.1 Mass Balance 3867.6.2 Momentum Balance 3977.6.3 Energy Balance 4207.6.4 Angular Momentum Balance 4397.7 Summary 450Problems 452CHAPTER 8Flow of an Inviscid Fluid: the Bernoulli Equation8.1 Introduction 4748.2 Frictionless Flow Along a Streamline 4758.3 Bernoulli Equation 4778.3.1 Bernoulli Equation for an Incompressible Fluid 4798.3.2 Cavitation 4828.3.3 Bernoulli Equation for a Compressible Fluid 4878.4 Static, Dynamic, Stagnation, and Total Pressure 4908.5 Applications of the Bernoulli Equation 4968.5.1 Pitot Tube 4968.5.2 Siphon 5038.5.3 Sluice Gate 5098.5.4 Flow through Area Change 5118.5.5 Draining of a Tank 5188.6 Relationship to the Energy Equation 5218.7 Summary 524Problems 526CHAPTER 9Dimensional Analysis and Similitude9.1 Introduction 5349.2 Buckingham Pi Theorem 5369.3 Repeating Variable Method 5409.4 Similitude and Model Development 5499.5 Correlation of Experimental Data 5549.6 Application to Case Studies 5579.6.1 DA of Flow in a Round Pipe 5579.6.2 DA of Flow through Area Change 5589.6.3 DA of Pump and Fan Laws 5599.6.4 DA of Flat Plate Boundary Layer 5619.6.5 DA of Drag on Cylinders and Spheres 5629.6.6 DA of Lift and Drag on Airfoils 5629.7 Summary 563Problems 564DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLOWCHAPTER 10Elements of Flow Visualization and Flow Structure10.1 Introduction 57310.2 Lagrangian Kinematics 57810.2.1 Particle Path, Velocity, Acceleration 57810.2.2 Lagrangian Fluid Properties 58910.3 The Eulerian–Lagrangian Connection 59010.4 Material Lines, Surfaces, and Volumes 59210.5 Pathlines and Streaklines 59710.6 Streamlines and Streamtubes 60310.7 Motion and Deformation 60710.8 Velocity Gradient 61210.9 Rate of Rotation 61910.9.1 Vorticity 62210.9.2 Circulation 62810.9.3 Irrotational Flow and Velocity Potential 63210.10 Rate of Expansion 63510.10.1 Dilation 63610.10.2 Incompressible Fluid and Incompressible Flow 63810.10.3 Streamfunction 64310.11 Rate of Shear Deformation 65010.12 Summary 653Problems 654CHAPTER 11Governing Equations of Fluid Dynamics11.1 Introduction 65911.2 Continuity Equation 66011.3 Momentum Equation 66611.4 Constitutive Model for a Newtonian Fluid 67111.5 Navier–Stokes Equations 67811.6 Euler Equations 68311.6.1 Streamline Coordinates 68911.6.2 Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation 69211.7 The Energy Equation 69911.8 Discussion 70211.8.1 Initial and Boundary Conditions 70211.8.2 Nondimensionalization 70311.8.3 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) 70611.9 Summary 708Problems 709CHAPTER 12Analysis of Incompressible Flow12.1 Introduction 71312.2 Steady Viscous Flow 71812.2.1 Plane Couette Flow 72012.2.2 Circular Couette Flow 72312.2.3 Poiseuille Flow Between Parallel Plates 73212.2.4 Poiseuille Flow in a Pipe 73712.2.5 Flow over a Cylinder (CFD) 74112.3 Unsteady Viscous Flow 74412.3.1 Startup of Plane Couette Flow 74912.3.2 Unsteady Flow over a Cylinder (CFD) 75212.4 Turbulent Flow 75412.4.1 Reynolds Equations 75612.4.2 Steady Turbulent Flow Between Parallel Plates (CFD) 75712.5 Inviscid Irrotational Flow 76012.5.1 Plane Potential Flow 76112.5.2 Elementary Plane Potential Flows 76912.5.3 Superposition of Elementary Plane Potential Flows 77212.5.4 Flow over a Cylinder with Circulation 77712.6 Summary 780Problems 782APPLICATIONSCHAPTER 13Flow in Pipes and Ducts13.1 Introduction 79113.2 Steady, Fully Developed Flow in a Pipe or Duct 79313.2.1 Major Head Loss 79913.2.2 Friction Factor 80113.2.3 Friction Factors in Laminar Flow 80513.2.4 Friction Factors in Turbulent Flow 81213.3 Analysis of Flow in Single Path Pipe and Duct Systems 81713.3.1 Minor Head Loss 82413.3.2 Pump and Turbine Head 83513.3.3 Examples 83813.4 Analysis of Flow in Multiple Path Pipe and Duct Systems 84613.5 Elements of Pipe and Duct System Design 85113.5.1 Pump and Fan Selection 85313.6 Summary 864Problems 867CHAPTER 14External Flow14.1 Introduction 88214.2 Boundary Layers: Basic Concepts 88414.2.1 Laminar Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate 88714.2.2 Turbulent Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate 89414.2.3 Boundary Layer on an Airfoil or Other Body 89814.3 Drag: Basic Concepts 90214.4 Drag Coefficients 90514.4.1 Low Reynolds Number Flow 90514.4.2 Cylinders 90814.4.3 Spheres 91314.4.4 Bluff Bodies 91614.5 Lift and Drag of Airfoils 92614.6 Summary 933Problems 935CHAPTER 15Open Channel Flow15.1 Introduction 94215.2 Basic Concepts in Open Channel Flow 94515.3 The Importance of the Froude Number 95215.3.1 Flow over a Bump or Depression 95315.3.2 Flow in a Horizontal Channel of Varying Width 96115.3.3 Propagation of Surface Waves 96515.3.4 Hydraulic Jump 97215.4 Energy Conservation in Open Channel Flow 97815.4.1 Speciﬁc Energy 98115.4.2 Speciﬁc Energy Diagrams 98615.5 Flow in a Channel of Uniform Depth 98915.5.1 Uniform Flow Examples 99415.5.2 Optimum Channel Cross Section 99915.6 Flow in a Channel with Gradually Varying Depth 100315.7 Flow Under a Sluice Gate 100315.8 Flow Over a Weir 100915.9 Summary 1012Problems 1014AppendixesAppendix A Fluid Property Data for Various Fluids A-1Appendix B Properties of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere B-1Appendix C Unit Conversion Factors C-1CREDITS D-1INDEX I-1  Примеры страниц

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Introduction to Fluid Mechanics PDF

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