Grace and the Will according to Augustine Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae Texts and Studies of Early Christian Life and Language Editors J.denBoeft–B.D.Ehrman–J.vanOort D.T.Runia–C.Scholten–J.C.M.vanWinden VOLUME115 Thetitlespublishedinthisseriesarelistedatbrill.nl/vcs Grace and the Will according to Augustine By LenkaKarfíková Translatedby MarkétaJanebová LEIDEN•BOSTON 2012 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Karfíková,Lenka. GraceandthewillaccordingtoAugustine/byLenkaKarfíková. p.cm.–(SupplementstoVigiliaeChristianae,0920-623X;v.115) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-90-04-22533-6(alk.paper)–ISBN978-90-04-22921-1(ebk)1.Augustine,Saint,Bishop ofHippo.2.Grace–Biblicalteaching.3.Grace(Theology)–Historyofdoctrines–Earlychurch,ca. 30-600.4.Freewillanddeterminism–Religiousaspects–Christianity–Historyofdoctrines–Early church,ca.30-600.I.Title. BR65.A9K3752012 234'.1–dc23 2012004209 Thispublicationhasbeentypesetinthemultilingual“Brill”typeface.Withover5,100characters coveringLatin,IPA,Greek,andCyrillic,thistypefaceisespeciallysuitableforuseinthe humanities.Formoreinformation,pleaseseewww.brill.nl/brill-typeface. ISSN0920-623X ISBN9789004225336(hardback) ISBN9789004229211(e-book) Copyright2012byKoninklijkeBrillNV,Leiden,TheNetherlands. KoninklijkeBrillNVincorporatestheimprintsBrill,GlobalOriental,HoteiPublishing, IDCPublishersandMartinusNijhoffPublishers. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,translated,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical, photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutpriorwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher. AuthorizationtophotocopyitemsforinternalorpersonaluseisgrantedbyKoninklijkeBrillNV providedthattheappropriatefeesarepaiddirectlytoTheCopyrightClearanceCenter, 222RosewoodDrive,Suite910,Danvers,MA01923,USA. Feesaresubjecttochange. Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper. Socratesexplainsthathewhodoesnotdotheright thinghasnotunderstoodit;butChristianitygoesa littlefurtherbackandsays,itisbecausehewillnot understandit,andthisinturnisbecausehedoesnot willtheright.Andinthenextplace,describingwhat properlyisdefiance,itteachesthatamandoeswrong althoughheunderstandswhatisright,orforbearsto dorightalthoughheunderstandswhatisright;…So then,Christianlyunderstood,sinliesinthewill,not intheintellect;andthiscorruptionofthewillgoes wellbeyondtheconsciousnessoftheindividual. Søren Kierkegaard, The Sickness unto Death, II,A,2 (EnglishtranslationbyW.Lowrie) CONTENTS Acknowledgements..................................................... xi AbbreviationsofPeriodicalsandSeries ................................ xiii Introduction............................................................ 1 PARTONE “NOTHINGELSEDOIHAVEBUTWILL”(386–395) 1. GodAstheGuarantoroftheWorldOrderandtheGiverof Knowledge(PhilosophicalDialoguesfromCassiciacumin386)..... 7 1.1. HappinessAsDeumhabere(Debeatavita) ..................... 9 1.2. PerfectOrder(Deordine) ....................................... 10 1.3. GodAstheGiverofKnowledge(Soliloquia) .................... 12 2. TheUniverseofWill(WorksbeforeAugustine’sOrdinationAs Presbyter:387–390).................................................. 15 2.1. TheImageofGodinMan(Dequantitateanimae) .............. 16 2.2. TheOriginofEvilintheWillandGoodWillAsHappiness(De liberoarbitrioI) ................................................. 18 2.3. TheLoveofGodPouredOutintoHumanHearts(Demoribus EcclesiaecatholicaeetdemoribusManichaeorum).............. 23 2.4. TheCreviceintheUniverseofWill(DeGenesicontra Manichaeos) .................................................... 25 2.5. TheAnalysisoftheWillaccordingtoDediversisquaestionibus LXXXIII1–61..................................................... 28 2.6. GratiaAsGraceinDeverareligione............................. 30 3. PaulineThemes(thePeriodofthePresbyterate:391–395)........... 35 3.1. “IDoWhatIWillNottoDo”(Deduabusanimabus,Contra Fortunatum,DeliberoarbitrioIII)............................... 35 3.2. TheAdoptionofMenAsSonsofGod(Defideetsymbolo,De sermoneDominiinmonte,EnarrationesinPsalmos1–32,De Genesiinperfectusliber)......................................... 45 viii contents 3.3. Augustine’sExpositionsoftheEpistlestotheRomansand Galatians........................................................ 49 3.3a. ExpositioquarundampropositionumexEpistolaad Romanos.................................................. 51 3.3b. DediversisquaestionibusLXXXIII66–68;76 .............. 55 3.3c. EpistolaeadRomanosinchoataexpositio ................. 59 3.3d. EpistolaeadGalatasexpositionisliberunus............... 61 PARTTWO “THEGRACEOFGODCONQUERED”(395–411) 1. AnswertoSimplicianus.............................................. 71 1.1. Romans7(AdSimplicianumI,1)................................. 72 1.2. Romans9(AdSimplicianumI,2) ................................ 75 2. Confessions........................................................... 89 2.1. God’sPresenceinMan(ConfessionesI)......................... 90 2.2. EvilforEvilItself(ConfessionesII–VII).......................... 91 2.3. Conversion(ConfessionesVIII).................................. 93 2.4. “GrantWhatYouCommand,andCommandWhatYouWill” (ConfessionesIX–X) ............................................. 97 2.5. EternityandTime(ConfessionesXI–XIII)....................... 99 3. OtherWorksfromtheBeginningoftheEpiscopate ................. 105 3.1. TheAnti-ManichaeanPolemic.................................. 107 3.1a. The“MeritofFaith”andtheFulfilmentoftheLaw....... 107 3.1b. AdoptiveSonship......................................... 108 3.1c. TheGiftofLight .......................................... 110 3.1d. GodDoesNotDependonMan ........................... 111 3.2. GraceGivenGratis(EnarrationesinPsalmos,InEpistolam IoannisadParthos).............................................. 112 3.3. VindicationofGrace(AdnotationesinIob)...................... 116 3.4. CausesHiddeninGod(DeGenesiadlitteramI–IX)............. 118 3.5. GraceExcludingPride(Devirginitate).......................... 124 3.6. GraceforGrace(TractatusinIohannisEvangelium1–16) ....... 126 4. Anti-DonatistWorks................................................. 133 4.1. TheSacramentofGraceandGraceItself ....................... 136 contents ix 4.2. TheCatholicChurchandthe“Columba” ....................... 141 4.3. Persecution ..................................................... 145 4.4. ImpactontheWillandTheologyofViolence................... 147 4.5. TheAnswertoSimplicianusandtheAnti-DonatistPolemic ... 152 PARTTHREE “THEWILLISPREPAREDBYTHELORD”(411–430) 1. PolemicagainstPelagiusandCaelestius(411–418)................... 167 1.1. InheritedSin(Depeccatorummeritisetremissioneetde baptismoparvulorum) .......................................... 172 1.2. GodPersuadestheWill(Despirituetlittera).................... 181 1.3. WoundedNature(Denaturaetgratia) ......................... 187 1.4. CanManAvoidSin?(Deperfectioneiustitiaehominis).......... 191 1.5. Pelagius’“Hypocrisy”(DegestisPelagii)......................... 195 1.6. CognitiveandAffectiveGrace(DegratiaChristietdepeccato originaliI)....................................................... 200 1.7. InfantsMustBearSin(DegratiaChristietdepeccatooriginali II) ............................................................... 204 2. OtherWorksfromthePeriod411–430 ............................... 213 2.1. TheOriginofIndividualSouls(DeGenesiadlitteramX,Ep. 166and190,Deanimaeteiusorigine) ........................... 214 2.2. TheGraceofSeeingGodandtheGraceofGod’sPresencein Man(DevidendoDeo,DepraesentiaDei) ....................... 224 2.3. TheGraceoftheNewTestament(DegratiaNovitestamenti)... 228 2.4. ChristianExistenceAsaStrugglewithConcupiscence (Sermones151–156onRom.7:5–8:17)............................ 232 2.5. TheImageofGodinManandtheGiftoftheSpirit (DeTrinitate).................................................... 239 2.5a. TheImageofGod......................................... 240 2.5b. TheTurningoftheWillandtheGiftoftheHolySpirit ... 242 2.5c. TheGratuityofGraceandHumanMerits ................ 245 2.6. Attractiovoluptatis(TractatusinIohannisEvangelium17–124) 248 2.7. “GoodConcupiscence”(EnarrationesinPsalmos118)........... 254 2.8. TheDialecticofWillandGrace(Debonoviduitatis,Ep.157, Depatientia,EnchiridionadLaurentium,Retractationes) ....... 257 2.9. TheEpopeeofGraceandCondemnationinDecivitateDei..... 266