The European Union ≠ EDICT OF GOVERNMENT ± In order to promote public education and public safety, equal justice for all, a better informed citizenry, the rule of law, world trade and world peace, this legal document is hereby made available on a noncommercial basis, as it is the right of all humans to know and speak the laws that govern them. EN 1991-1-7 (2006) (English): Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-7: General actions - Accidental actions [Authority: The European Union Per Regulation 305/2011, Directive 98/34/EC, Directive 2004/18/EC] EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 1991-1-7 NORME EUROPEENNE EUROpAISCHE NORM July 2006 ICS 91.010.30 Supersedes ENV 1991-2-7: 1998 Incorporating corrigendum February 2010 English Version Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 1-7: General actions - Accidental actions Eurocode 1 -Actions sur les structures Partie 1-7: Actions Eurocode 1 -Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke -Teil1-7: generales -Actions accidentelles Allgemeine Einwirkungen -AuBergewbhnliche Einwirkungen This European Standard was approved by CEN on 9 January 2006. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMllTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITE EliROPEEN DE NORMALISATlON EUROPAISCHES KOMITEE FOR NORMUNG Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels © 2006 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 1991-1-7:2006: E worldwide for CEN national Members. BS EN 1991-1-7:2006 EN 1991-1-7:2006 (E) Contents Page FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................................................... 4 BACKGROUND OF THE EUROCODE PROGRAMME ....................................................................................................... .4 STATUS AND FIELD OF APPLICATION OF EUROCODES .................................................................................................5 NATIONAL STANDARDS IMPLEMENTING EUROCODES ................................................................................................ 5 LINKS BETWEEN EUROCODES AND HARMONISED TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS (ENs AND FOR PRODUCTS ..... 6 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION SPECIFIC TO EN 1991-1-7 ..............................................................................................6 NATIONAL ANNEX .....................................................................................................................................................6 SECTION] GENERAL ....................................................................................................................................... 9 1.1 SCOPE ..................................................................................................................................................................9 1.2 NORMATIVE REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................9 1.3 ASSUMPTIONS .................................................................................................................................................... 10 1.4 DISTINCTION BETWEEN PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION RULES ........................................................................... 10 I .5 TERMS AND DEFINITI(}NS ................................................................................................................................... 10 1. 6 SYMB()LS ........................................................................................................................................................... 12 SECTION 2 CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIONS ............................................................................................. 14 SECTION 3 DESIGN SI1'UATIONS ................................................................................................................ 15 3.1 GENERAL ........................................................................................................................................................... 15 3 .2 ACCIDENTAL DESIGN SITUATIONS -STRATEGIES FOR IDENTIFIED ACCIDENTAL ACTIONS .................................. 16 3.3 ACCIDENTAL DESIGN SITUATIONS STRATEGIES FOR LIMITING THE EXTENT OF LOCALISED FAILURE ............... 17 3.4 ACCIDENTAL DESIGN SITUATIONS USE OF CONSEQUENCE CLASSES ................................................................ 17 SECTION 4 IMPACT ........................................................................................................................................ 19 4.1 FIELD OF APPLICATI()N ....................................................................................................................................... 19 4.2 REPRESENTATION OF ACTIONS ........................................................................................................................... ] 9 4.3 ACCIDENTAL ACTIONS CAUSED BY ROAD VEHICLES ..........................................................................................2 0 4.3. I Impact on supporting substructures .......................................................................................................... 20 4.3.21Inpacl on sllperstructures ......................................................................................................................... 22 4.4 ACCIDENTAL ACTIONS CAUSED BY FORK LIFT TRUCKS ......................................................................................2 4 4.5 ACCIDENTAL ACTIONS CAUSED BY DERAILED RAIL TRAFFIC UNDER OR ADJACENT TO STRUCTURES ................. 25 4.5. J Structures spanning across or alongside operational railway lines ......................................................... 25 4.5.2 Structures located in areas beyond track ends .......................................................................................... 27 4.6 ACCIDENTAL ACTIONS CAUSED BY SHIP TRAFFIC ...............................................................................................2 7 4.6.7 General ..................................................................................................................................................... 27 4.6.2 Impact from river and canal traffic ........................................................................................................... 28 4.6.3 Inlpactfi'olTl vesseLs .................................................................................................................... 29 4.7 ACCIDENTAL ACTIONS CAUSED BY HELICOPTERS .............................................................................................. 30 SECTION 5 IN1'ERNAL EXPLOSIONS ......................................................................................................... 3] 5.1 FIELD OF APPLiCATION .......................................................................................................................................3 1 5.2 REPRESENTATION OF ACTION .............................................................................................................................3 1 5.3 PRINCIPLES F()R DESIGN .....................................................................................................................................3 2 ANNEX A (INFORMATIVE) DESIGN FOR CONSEQUENCES OF LOCALISED FAILURE IN BUILDINGS FROM AN UNSPECIFIED CAUSE ................................................................................................. 33 A.I SC()PE AND FIELD OF APPLICATION ...................................................................................................................3 3 A.2 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................3 3 A.3 CONSEQUENCES CLASSES OF BUILDINGS ..........................................................................................................3 3 A.4 REC()MMENDED STRATEGIES ............................................................................................................................3 4 A.5 'EFFECTIVE HORIZONTAL TIES ............................................................................................................................3 6 Page 2 BS EN 1991-1-7:2006 EN 1991·1·7:2006 (E) A.5.l Fralned structures ..................................................................................................................................... 36 A.5.2 Load-bearing ~vall constructioll ................................................................................................................ 37 A.6 EFFECTIVE VERTICAL TIES ................................................................................................................................ 39 A.7 NOMINAL SECTION OF LOAD-BEARING WALL .................................................................................................... 39 A.8 KEY ELEMENTS ................................................................................................................................................. 39 ANNEX B (INFORMATIVE) INFORIVIATION ON RISK ASSESSMENT ....................................................... 40 B.l INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 40 B.2 DEFINITIONS ..................................................................................................................................................... 41 B.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE SCOPE OF A RISK ANALySIS .............................................................................................. 41 B.4 METHODS OF RISK ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................ 42 B.4.1 Qualitative risk analysis ........................................................................................................................... 42 B.4.2 Quantitative risk analysis ......................................................................................................................... 42 B.5 RISK ACCEPTANCE AND MITIGATING MEASURES .............................................................................................. .43 B.6 RISK MITIGATING 1\1EASURES ............................................................................................................................ 45 B.7 MODIFICATION .................................................................................................................................................. 45 B.8 COMMUNICATION OF RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................... .45 B.9 ApPLICATIONS TO BUILDINGS AND CIVIL ENGINEERING STRUCTURES .............................................................. .46 B.9.1 General ..................................................................................................................................................... 46 B.9.2 Structural risk analysis ............................................................................................................................. 47 B.9.3 Modelling of risks from extreme load events ........................................................................................... .48 B.9.4 Guidance for application of risk analysis related to impactfi'om rail traffic ........................................... 51 ANNEX C (INFORMATIVE) DYNAMIC DESIGN FOR IMPACT ................................................................... 53 C.l GENERAL .......................................................................................................................................................... 53 C.2 IJ'vIPACT DYNAMiCS ............................................................................................................................................ 53 C.2.1 Hard bl1pact ............................................................................................................................................. 53 C.2.2 So.ft bnpact. ............................................................................................................................................... 54 C.3 IMPACT FROM ABERRANT ROAD VEHICLES ........................................................................................................ 55 C.4 Il\1PACT BY SHIPS ............................................................................................................................................... 58 C.4.1 Ship impact on inland watenvays ............................................................................................................. 58 C.4.2 Ship i111pact for sea ~vater~vays ................................................................................................................. 59 C.4.3 Advanced ship impact analysis for inland waterways .............................................................................. 58 C.4.4 Advanced ship impact analysisfor sea waterways ................................................................................... 62 ANNEX D (INFORMATIVE) INTERNAL EXPLOSIONS .................................................................................. 63 D.l DUST EXPLOSIONS TN ROOMS, VESSELS AND BUNKERS ...................................................................................... 63 D.2 NATURAL GAS EXPLOSIONS ............................................................................................................................... 65 D.3 EXPLOSIONS IN ROAD AND RAIL TUNNELS ......................................................................................................... 65 Page 3 BS EN 1991-1-7:2006 EN 1991-1-7:2006 (E) Foreword This European Standard (EN 1991-1-7:2006) has been prepared on behalf of Technical Committee CEN/TC250 "Structural Eurocodes", the Secretariat of which is held by BSI. CEN/TC 250 is responsible for all Structural Eurocodes. This European Standard supersedes ENV 1991-2-7: 1998. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2007 and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by March 2010. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Background of the Eurocode programme In 1975, the Commission of the European Community decided on an action programme in the field of construction, based on Article 95 of the Treaty. The objective of the programme was the elimination of technical obstacles to trade and the harmonisation of technical specifications. Within this action programme, the Commission took the initiative to establish a set of harmonised technical rules for the design of construction works which, in a first stage, would serve as an alternative to the national rules in force in the Member States and, ultimately, would replace them. For fifteen years, the Commission, with the help of a Steering Committee with Representatives of Member States, conducted the development of the Eurocodes programme, which led to the first generation of European codes in the 1980s. In 1989, the Commission and the Member States of the EU and EFTA decided, on the basis of an agreement1 between the Commission and CEN, to transfer the preparation and the publication of the Eurocodes to CEN through a series of Mandates, in order to provide them with a future status of European Standard (EN). This links de facto the Eurocodes with the provisions of all the Council's Directives and/or Commission's Decisions dealing with European standards (e.g. the Council Directive 89/106/EEC on construction products CPO - and Council Directives 93/37/EEC, 92/50/EEC and 89/440/EEC on public works and services and equivalent EFTA Directives initiated in pursuit of setting up the internal market). The Structural Eurocode programme comprises the following standards generally consisting of a number of parts: EN 1990 Eurocode Basis of structural design EN 1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures EN 1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures EN 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures 1 Agreement between the Commission of the European Communities and the European Committee for Standardisation (CEN) concerning the work on Eurocodes for the design of building and civil engineering works (8C/CEN/03/89). Page 4 BS EN 1991-1-7:2006 EN 1991-1-7:2006 (E) EN 1994 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures EN 1995 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures EN 1996 Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures EN 1997 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design EN 1998 Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance EN 1999 Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures Eurocode standards recognise the responsibility of regulatory authorities in each Member State and have safeguarded their right to determine values related to regulatory safety matters at a national level where these continue to vary from State to State. Status and Held of application of Eurocodes The Member States of the EU and EFTA recognise that Eurocodes serve as reference documents for the following purposes: as a means to prove compliance of building and civil engineering works with the essential requirements of Council Directive 89/1 06/EEC, particularly Essential Requirement N °1 - Mechanical resistance and stability - and Essential Requirement N'2 - Safety in case of fire; as a basis for specifying contracts for construction works and related engineering services; as a framework for drawing up harmonised technical specifications for construction products (ENs and ETAs). The Eurocodes, as far as ther concern the construction works themselves, have a direct relationship with the Interpretative Documents referred to in Article 12 of the CPO, although they are of a different nature from harmonised product standards3. Therefore, technical aspects arising from the Eurocodes work need to be adequately considered by CEN Technical Committees and/or EOTA Working Groups working on product standards with a view to achieving a full compatibility of these technical specifications with the Eurocodes. The Eurocode Standards provide common structural design rules for everyday use for the design of whole structures and component products of both a traditional and an innovative nature. Unusual forms of construction or design conditions are not specifically covered and additional expert consideration will be required by the designer in such cases. National Standards implementing Eurocodes The National Standards implementing Eurocodes will comprise the full text of the Eurocode (including any annexes), as published by CEN, which may be preceded by a National title page and National foreword, and may be followed by a National Annex (informative). 2 According to Article 3.3 of the CPO, the essential requirements (ERs) shall be given concrete form in interpretative documents for the creation of the necessary links between the essential requirements and the mandates for hENs and ETAGs/ETAs. 3 According to Article 12 of the CPO the interpretative documents shall: a) give concrete form to the essential requirements by harmonising the terminology and the technical bases and indicating classes or levels for each requirement where necessary; b) indicate methods of correlating these classes or levels of requirement with the technical specifications, e.g. methods of calculation and of proof, technical rules for project design, etc.; c) seNe as a reference for the establishment of harmonised standards and guidelines for European technical approvals. The Eurocodes, de facto, playa similar role in the field of the ER 1 and a part of the ER 2. Page 5 BS EN 1991-1-7:2006 EN 1991-1-7:2006 (E) The National Annex (informative) may only contain information on those parameters which are left open in the Eurocode for national choice, known as Nationally Determined Parameters, to be used for the design of buildings and civil engineering works to be constructed in the country concerned, i.e.: values and/or classes where alternatives are given in the Eurocode; values to be used where a symbol only is given in the Eurocode; country specific data (geographical, climatic, etc) e.g. snow map; procedure to be used where alternative procedures are given in the Eurocode. It may also contain: decisions on the application of informative annexes; references to non contradictory complementary information to assist the user to apply the Eurocode. Links between Eurocodes and harmonised technical specifications (ENs and ETAs) for products There is a need for consistency between the harmonised technical specifications for construction products and the technical rules for works4. Furthermore, all the information accompanying the CE marking of the construction products which refer to Eurocodes shall clearly mention which Nationally Determined Parameters have been taken into account. Additional information specific to EN 1991-1-7 EN 1991-1-7 describes Principles and Application rules for the assessment of accidental actions on buildings and bridges. The following actions are included: impact forces from vehicles, rail traffic, ships and helicopters, actions due to internal explosions, actions due to local failure from an unspecified cause. EN 1991-1-7 is intended for use by: clients (e.g. for the formulation of their specific requirements on safety levels), designers, constructors, and relevant authorities. EN 1991-1-7 is intended to be used with EN 1990, the other parts of EN 1991 and EN 1992 - 1999 for the design of structures. National Annex This standard gives alternative procedures, values and recommendations for classes with notes indicating where national choices may have to be made. Therefore the National Standard implementing EN 1991-1-7 should have a National Annex containing all Nationally Determined Parameters to be used for the design of buildings and civil engineering works to be constructed in the relevant country. 4 See Article 3.3 and Article 12 of the CPD, as well as clauses 4.2, 4.3.1,4.3.2 and 5.2 of ID 1. Page 6 85 EN 1991-1-7:2006 EN 1991-1-7:2006 (E) 5 The National choice is allowed in EN 1991-1-7 through clauses : Paragraph Item 2 (2) Classification of accidental actions 3.1 (2) Strategies for accidental design situations 3.2(1 ) Level of risk 3.3(2) Notional accidental action 3.3(2) Limit of local failure 3.3(2)@l] Choice of strategies 3.4{1 ) Consequences classes 3.4(2) Design approaches 4.1(1) Definition of lightweight structures 4.1 (1) Transmission of impact forces to foundations 4.3.1(1) Values of vehicle impact forces 4.3.1(1) Impact force as a function of the distance from traffic lanes 4.3.1(1) Types or elements of structure subject to vehicular collision 4.3.1 (2) Alternative impact rules 4.3.1(3) Conditions of impact from road vehicles I 4.3.2(1) Clearances and protection measures and design values 4.3.2(1) Reduction factor rF 4.3.2(1) Impact actions on underside of bridge decks 4.3.2(2) Use of F dy 4.3.2(3) Dimension and position of impact areas 4.4(1 ) Value of impact forces from forklift trucks 4.5(1 ) Type of rail traffic 4.5.1.2(1 ) Structures to be included in each exposure class .2(1 ) Classification of temporary structures and auxiliary construction works 4.5.1.4(1 ) Impact forces from derailed traffic 4.5.1.4(2) Reduction of impact forces 4.5.1.4(3) Point of application of impact forces 4.5.1.4(4) Equivalent static forces 4.5.1.4(5) !Impact forces for speeds greater than 120 km'h 4.5.1.5(1 ) ments for Class B structures 4.5.2(1) Areas beyond track ends It is proposed to add to each clause of the list what will be allowed for choice: value, procedures, classes. Page 7 BS EN 1991-1-7:2006 EN 1991-1-7:2006 (E) 4.5.2(4) Impact forces on end walls i 4.6.1 (3) Classification of ship impacts 4.6.2(1) Values of frontal and lateral forces from ships 4.6.2(2) Friction coefficients 4.6.2(3) Application area of impact 4.6.2(4) Impact forces on bridge decks from ships 4.6.3(1) Dynamic impact forces from seagoing ships 4.6.3(3) Friction coefficients ~ 4.6.3(4}P@j] Dimension and position of impact areas } Forces on superstructure 5.3 (1)P Procedures for internal explosion A.4 (1) Details of effective anchorage Page 8