Many books cover the emergency response to chemical terrorism. But what happens after the initial crisis? Chlorine, phosgene, and mustard were used in World War I. Only years after the war were the long-term effects of these gases realized. In the 60s, 70s, and 80s, these and other agents were used in localized wars. Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicity at Low Levels explores the long range effects of, protection against, and remedies for chemicals used during war and the chronic problems possibly resulting from toxic exposures during the Persian Gulf War.  The book discusses the toxicities of chemical agents at low-levels. It focuses on the effects on military personnel after exposure to low levels of sarin - a chemical suspected to have been present during the Gulf War. It also covers factors such as stress, surrounding, and other chemicals that can enhance or decrease the toxicity of chemical warfare or protective agents. It discusses the effects of stress on the blood-brain permeability of pyrodostigmine and polar compounds, and describes how circulating scavenger enzymes or enzymes covalently bound to sponges can detoxify chemical agents.  Acute toxicity is easy to observe and treat but low-level toxicity is difficult to identify - and can present and persist months and years after the initial exposure - making its treatment that much more difficult. Written by experts known for their contributions to the science of toxic chemicals, Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicity at Low Levels gives you the latest information about the pathophysiology of chemical warfare agent injury at low concentrations.

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