Business and Politics in Europe, 1900–1970 Therehasbeenincreasinginterestinrecentyearsinestablishingconnec- tionsbetweenthepoliticalhistoryandthebusinesshistoryofEuropein thetwentiethcentury.Thisbookincludesnewresearchontheinterac- tionsofpoliticians,businessmenandtheirinstitutionsineightcountries, withparticularfocusonthehighlychargedinter-warperiod. Fourteen essays cover subjects under four main headings: the business–politics paradigm; banking finance; business and politics in theNationalSocialistperiod;andthebusinesscommunityandthestate. Togethertheyformafittingtributetotheacademicscholarshipandin- spiration offered by Alice Teichova. In her distinguished career, and in particular since the publication of her path-breaking book An Eco- nomicBackgroundtoMunich in1974,shehasdonemuchtostimulate acollaborativeapproachtointernationalcomparativeworkinthefield ofeconomic,politicalandbusinesshistory.Thecasestudiespresented heredemonstrateherconsiderablelegacytothesubject.   is Director of the Business History Unit, London SchoolofEconomicsandPoliticalScience. ProfessorAliceTeichovaandDrMikula´sˇTeich Business and Politics in Europe, 1900–1970 Essays in Honour of Alice Teichova Editedby Terry Gourvish           ThePittBuilding,TrumpingtonStreet,Cambridge,UnitedKingdom    TheEdinburghBuilding,Cambridge,CB22RU,UK 40West20thStreet,NewYork,NY10011–4211,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia RuizdeAlarco´n13,28014Madrid,Spain DockHouse,TheWaterfront,CapeTown8001,SouthAfrica http://www.cambridge.org (cid:1)C CambridgeUniversityPress2003 Thisbookisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2003 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge TypefacePlantin10/12pt. SystemLATEX2ε [] AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN0521823447hardback Contents Listoffigures pagevii Listoftables viii Listofcontributors ix Preface xi 1 Introduction:thebusiness–governmentrelationship 1   PartI Thebusiness–politicsparadigm 2 Businessandgovernmentintwentieth-century Sweden:ataleofincomeredistributionand rent-seeking? 17   3 AneconomicbackgroundtoBerchtesgaden:business andeconomicpolicyinAustriainthe1930s 42   4 Business,politicsandrevolutioninearly twentieth-centuryIreland 63   PartII Bankingfinance 5 BankersandpoliticsinBelgiuminthe twentiethcentury 89  -  6 Centralbankco-operationandRomanianstabilisation, 1926–1929 106   v vi Contents 7 Government,thebanksandindustryininter-war Britain 145   PartIII BusinessandpoliticsintheNational Socialistperiod 8 GermanbusinessandtheNaziNewOrder 171  .  9 ‘Aryanisation’inCentralEurope,1933–1939:a preliminaryaccountforGermany(the‘Altreich’), Austriaandthe‘Sudeten’area 187  ,      10 TheGildemeesterOrganisationforAssistanceto EmigrantsandtheexpulsionofJewsfromVienna, 1938–1942 215   11 DeutscheLufthansaandtheGermanstate,1926–1941 246   PartIV Thebusinesscommunityandthestate 12 GovernmentandindustryinAustriainthe1930s 269  - 13 Businessandpolitics:thestateandnetworksinGreece 289   14 Economicefficiencyandnationality:theSiemens subsidiaryElektrotechnainthefirstCzechoslovakian Republic 307   Appendix AliceTeichova:aselectbibliography 325 Index 333 Figures 3.1 AustrianGDP,1920–37,at1937prices page46 3.2 UnemploymentinAustria,1919–39 53 4.1 Irelandatpartition(December1920) 69 10.1 DepartmentalstructureoftheGildemeesterofficeat No.7Wollzeile,Vienna,1938 223 10.2 DepartmentsandactivitiesoftheAuswanderungshilfsaktion fu¨rnichtmosaischeJudeninderOstmark,1940 236 vii Tables 3.1 Macro-economicindicatorsduringtheGreat Depression,1929–33 page47 3.2 AustrianGNPbysector,1929–37 48 3.3 ComponentsofAustrianGDP,1913–44 49 3.4 Indexofaggregateforeigntrade 50 3.5 Thebalanceoftradebysector,1924–37 51 3.6 Budgetaryexpenditureon‘productiveunemployment relief’,1935–7 57 4.1 TradeoftheIrishFreeState,1924–30 65 6.1 IndicesofRomanianinflation,1913–28 108 11.1 Scheduledoperationalandfinancialperformanceof DeutscheLufthansaandImperialAirways/BOAC, 1924–41 248 14.1 NationalityofsalariedemployeesintheElektrotechna companies,1January1932 312 viii Contributors  ,UniversityofNewOrleansandEconomicsUniversity, Vienna  ,MaxPlanckInstituteforEuropeanLegalHistory, Frankfurt,andTechnicalUniversityofDresden  ,UniversityofLeicester  ,UniversityofPatras  -,AustrianStateArchives,Vienna  ,LondonSchoolofEconomicsandPoliticalScience  - ,FreeUniversityofBrussels  ,StockholmSchoolofEconomics  ,UniversityofNottingham  ,EconomicsUniversity,Vienna  ,UniversityofReading  ,UniversityoftheWestofEngland  ,Ruhr-UniversityofBochum  . ,King’sCollegeLondon  ,TechnicalUniversity,Dresden  ,Ruhr-UniversityofBochum ix