Diversity and Commonality in Animals Shuichi Shigeno Yasunori Murakami Tadashi Nomura Editors Brain Evolution by Design From Neural Origin to Cognitive Architecture Diversity and Commonality in Animals Serieseditors TakahiroAsami Matsumoto,Japan HiroshiKajihara Sapporo,Japan KazuyaKobayashi Hirosaki,Japan OsamuKoizumi Fukuoka,Japan MasaharuMotokawa Kyoto,Japan KiyoshiNaruse Okazaki,Japan AkikoSatoh Hiroshima,Japan KazufumiTakamune Kumamoto,Japan HideakiTakeuchi Okayama,Japan MichiyasuYoshikuni Fukuoka,Japan ThebookseriesDiversityandCommonalityinAnimalspublishesrefereedvolumes onallaspectsofzoology,withaspecialfocusonbothcommonanduniquefeatures ofbiologicalsystemsforbetterunderstandingofanimalbiology.Originatingfrom acommonancestor,animalsshareuniversalmechanisms,butduringtheprocessof evolution,a largevarietyofanimalshave acquiredtheir uniquemorphologiesand functionstoadapttotheenvironmentinthestruggleforexistence.Topicscovered include taxonomy,behavior,developmentalbiology,endocrinology,neuroscience, and evolution. The series is an official publication of The Zoological Society of Japan. Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/13528 Shuichi Shigeno • Yasunori Murakami • Tadashi Nomura Editors Brain Evolution by Design From Neural Origin to Cognitive Architecture 123 Editors ShuichiShigeno YasunoriMurakami StazioneZoologicaAntonDohrn EhimeUniversity Naples,Italy Matsuyama,Japan TadashiNomura KyotoPrefecturalUniversityofMedicine Kyoto,Japan ISSN2509-5536 ISSN2509-5544 (electronic) DiversityandCommonalityinAnimals ISBN978-4-431-56467-6 ISBN978-4-431-56469-0 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-4-431-56469-0 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016962454 ©SpringerJapanKK2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerJapanKK Theregistered companyaddressis:ChiyodaFirstBldg.East,3-8-1Nishi-Kanda,Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0065,Japan Preface The present book is a new, detailed examination to explain how elegant brains have been shaped by simple principles in evolution. Classic comparative studies have revealed great diversity of neural networks and complex behaviors in many animalgroups.Therecentintegrativemolecular,developmental,physiological,and psychologicalapproaches,however,haverevealedunexpectedcommonalityinthe basicstructuresandfunctionsacrossanimalphylogeny.Thestructuralframeworks of the nervous systems and brains are often replicated in artificial intelligence or machines constructed by human activities, suggesting that functional similarities provideacommondesignforinformationprocessingsystemsthroughbiophysical constraints. Thebookintroducestheoriginofneuronswiththesingle-cellcreatureswithout neurons and then goes on to primordial types in invertebrates such as cnidarians, flatworms, molluscs, insects, and chordates, with a great abundance of the brains of vertebrates: fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals, including whales and humans. Recently,anumberofresearchinvestigationsofdiverseandminororganismshave beenconducted,andweneedtokeepuptodate.Eachchapterprovidesprofessional anddetailedtopicsaboutbrainevolution;however,thisbookasawholeisarranged alongasimpleconcepttofindsomethingofcommondesign.Also,non-organisms such as modelsand materials are coveredto explorethe designsin the origin and evolutionaryprocesses,buttheyarenotcomprehensive.Thetopicsareprovidedin atimelymannerbecausenoveltechniquesemergedrapidly,forexample,asseenin next-generationsequencersandomics(e.g.,genomics,proteomics,metabolomics, and connectomics) approaches. With the explosion of big data, the neural-related genesandmoleculesarenowontheradar. Importantly, now the neural networks have been taken notice of. For instance, Europe’s AC1 billion science and technology projects, such as the Human Brain Project,were launchedin 2013to analyzebrainconnectomics.The biginterdisci- plinaryplan,theBlueBrainProject,alsoaimstounderstandthesmallmammalian brain. Furthermore, with the rise of recently advanced artificial neural networks, there is enthusiasm for the development of neural network models. The views of brainevolutionprovideanessentialopportunitytogenerateideasfornovelneuron- v vi Preface andbrain-inspiredcomputation.Forthatreason,thisbookwillshowthereaderhow toextractmeaningfulneuralstructuresinnature. For undergraduates, graduate students, and professional scientists who seek a deeper understanding, this volume demonstrates how to find the basic principles shapingbrainsthatprovidedhighercognitivefunctionsin thecourseofevolution. Ourambitionisthatthebookwillstimulatestudents,particularlyyoungscientists, to delve into problems remaining in this discipline. Many authors were selected fromyoungJapanesescientists, andthisworkispartofaseriesofpublicationsof theZoologicalSocietyofJapan. Naples,Italy ShuichiShigeno Matsuyama,Japan YasunoriMurakami Kyoto,Japan TadashiNomura Contents PartI TheOriginsofNeuronsandNetworks 1 PhysicalEthologyofUnicellularOrganisms ............................ 3 Shigeru Kuroda, Seiji Takagi, Tetsu Saigusa, andToshiyukiNakagaki 2 Molecular Characteristicsof Neuron-like Functions inSingle-CellOrganisms .................................................. 25 ShingoMaegawa 3 Back Through Time: How Cnidarians and Basal MetazoansShedLightonAncientNervousSystems ................... 45 HiroshiWatanabe PartII TheRiseofDiverseBrainTypes 4 FunctionalSpecificationofaPrimitiveBilaterianBrain inPlanarians................................................................ 79 TakeshiInoue 5 TheComputationandRobustnessoftheMini-Cognitive CentersofTerrestrialMollusks:AnExquisiteOutcome ofBrainEvolution.......................................................... 101 RyotaMatsuo 6 InsectBrains:MinuteStructuresControllingComplexBehaviors... 123 MichiyoKinoshitaandUweHomberg 7 IdentifyingVertebrateBrainPrototypesinDeuterostomes............ 153 TakehiroG.Kusakabe 8 GenomeandTranscriptome-WideResearchofBrainEvolution ..... 187 AtsushiOgura vii viii Contents PartIII CognitiveSystems 9 TheOriginofVertebrateBrainCenters................................. 215 YasunoriMurakami 10 AdaptiveRadiationandVertebrateBrainDiversity:Cases ofTeleosts.................................................................... 253 NaoyukiYamamoto 11 MolecularProfilingRevealsInsight into AvianBrain OrganizationandFunctionalColumnarCommonalities withMammals .............................................................. 273 KazuhiroWada,Chun-ChunChen,andErichD.Jarvis 12 TheNeocortexandDorsalVentricularRidge:Functional ConvergenceandUnderlyingDevelopmentalMechanisms............ 291 WataruYamashitaandTadashiNomura 13 Molecular Investigations of the Structure andDevelopmentoftheBrainofCarnivores............................ 311 Yohei Shinmyo, Tomohisa Toda, Kosuke Masuda, Yoshio Hoshiba, Haruka Ebisu, NaoyukiMatsumoto, andHiroshiKawasaki 14 Evolution of the Mammalian Brain with a Focus ontheWhaleOlfactoryBulb.............................................. 329 TakushiKishida 15 TheEvolutionandFunctionofSleep..................................... 343 YuHayashiandChih-YaoLiu 16 PrefrontalAnatomicalArchitecture and Top-Down BehavioralControlinHumanandNonhumanPrimates .............. 367 YosukeMorishima PartIV ModelsandDesigns 17 OrganisationalPrinciples of Connectomes: Changes DuringEvolutionandDevelopment...................................... 387 RomanBauerandMarcusKaiser 18 Muscular-HydrostatComputers: PhysicalReservoir ComputingforOctopus-InspiredSoftRobots........................... 403 KoheiNakajima 19 BrainEvolutionasanInformationFlowDesigner:The GroundArchitectureforBiologicalandArtificialGeneral Intelligence .................................................................. 415 ShuichiShigeno Part I The Origins of Neurons and Networks