Sachin Kumar Mandotra Atul Kumar Upadhyay Amrik Singh Ahluwalia  Editors Algae Multifarious Applications for a Sustainable World Algae (cid:129) Sachin Kumar Mandotra (cid:129) Atul Kumar Upadhyay Amrik Singh Ahluwalia Editors Algae Multifarious Applications for a Sustainable World Editors SachinKumarMandotra AtulKumarUpadhyay DepartmentofBotany DepartmentofEnvironmentalScience PanjabUniversity BabasahebBhimraoAmbedkarUniversity Chandigarh,India Lucknow,UttarPradesh,India AmrikSinghAhluwalia DepartmentofBotany PanjabUniversity Chandigarh,Chandigarh,India ISBN978-981-15-7517-4 ISBN978-981-15-7518-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7518-1 #SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2021 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface The meteoric growth of the human population and their ever-increasing thirst for naturalresourcesareposingseveralappallingthreatstotheenvironmentaswellasto mankind.The post-industrializationerawitnessedvariousanthropogenicactivities. Eutrophication, heavy metal contamination, and acidification resulted in polluting largefreshwaterbodies.Therefore,itisimperativetosearchforalternativeresources to satisfy human needs within environmental limits. From this perspective, algae could provide a solution to meet our energy demands and other value-added productsinasustainablemanner. Theeditedvolume“Algae:MultifariousApplicationsforaSustainableWorld”is a compilation of useful characteristics of algae with reference to its innovative natural products. It covers the present and future prospects of algal biofuel, algae- derived pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals, bioremediation of heavy metals, and algae-mediated nanoparticle synthesis. Furthermore, this book also describes com- prehensively about the cyanobacterial blooms and cyanotoxins and the application ofdiatoms(classBacillariophyceae)inforensicanalysis. Chapter 1 presents a brief outlook about the nutrient management of municipal and agricultural wastewater using microalgal biomass followed by potential applicationsofalgalbiomassinbioenergy,biofertilizers,humanfoodsupplements, and animal feed. Chapter 2 discusses the synergistic application of algae and constructed wetlands in the maintenance of diversity and their role in wastewater treatment via bioremediation and energy production in a sustainable manner. Chapters 3 and 4 mainly focused on heavy metals such as mercury, lead, arsenic, and cadmium, their sources and their entry into the ecosystem. The authors have provided a brief overview about the impact of these heavy metals on microorganisms,plants,andanimals, besidesthis,thechapteralsoreviewsvarious conditions affecting heavy metal biosorption, morphological and physiological responses of microalgae to survive heavy metal toxicity, and a brief insight into theutilizationofalgalbiomassinbiofuelproduction. Chapter5providesdetailedinsightintotheorganicandinorganiccomponentsof wastewater together with its microbial composition. The later part of the chapter deals with wastewater treatment, heavy metal removal by algae, and potential application of algal biomass in value-added products. Chapter 6 deals with the phycoremediationofCr(VI)usingmicroalgalisolate.Thechaptercomprehensively v vi Preface describes the isolation, identification, and cultivation of isolated microalgal strain. The isolated strain was subjected to a different set of conditions such as time of contact between contaminated wastewater and microalgae, initial concentration of Cr(VI)inwater,inoculumsize,andpHofthemediatostudythephycoremediation of Cr(VI) using artificial neural network and simulated annealing. Chapters 7 and 8providedetailedinformationaboutpharmaceutical,nutraceutical,andcosmeceuti- cal properties of microalgal compounds. These chapters provide state-of-the-art applications of algae in therapeutics and cosmetic industry. The information about strain selection, strain improvement, growth condition optimization, extraction methods of value-added compounds from algal biomass, and operational expendituresatcommercialscalehavebeendiscussedthoroughly. Inthelastfewdecades,naturalfoodsupplementshavegainedsignificantinterest due to increased public concern towards health issues and disease prevention. The search for potential food supplements unravels various natural sources. Chapters 9 and10provideadetailedreviewofthefoodsupplementsandfucoxanthinproduc- tion from Spirulina and diatoms, respectively. In Chap. 9, the authors reviewed literaturepertainingtothenutritionalandantioxidantvalueofSpirulina,itsdomestic and commercial cultivation and favorable growth conditions. The later part of the chapter gives an overview of economic importance and global Spirulina market. Chapter 10 mainly focusesonfucoxanthin biosynthesisindiatoms,variousabiotic factors affecting its production, and genetic engineering strategies to improve fucoxanthinyield. Chapters11and12mainlyfocusedonalgalbiofuel.Chapter11providesstate-of- the-artinformationaboutvarioustechnologiestoconvertalgalbiomassintofungible biofuel. Potential solutions to algal biofuel challenges and operational costs associated with commercialization have also been thoroughly discussed. Chapter 12 reviews the defense responses under UV-B radiation along with UV-B radiation-based lipid alteration in microalgae. Chapters 13 and 14 provide an overviewofthealgae-mediatednanomaterialsynthesis.Theauthorsbrieflydescribe variousclassesofnanoparticles,mechanismoftheirsynthesis,andfactorsaffecting thesynthesis ofnanoparticlessuchasalgalextract, contacttime, pH, andtempera- ture. Various applications of microalgal-synthesized nanoparticles have also been discussed. Chapter15dealswiththecyanobacterialharmfulalgalblooms,ecologicalfactors thathelpintheiroccurrence,andvariousmethodsoftheirdetection.Thechapteralso deals with the treatment of intracellular and extracellular cyanotoxins along with harmfulalgalbloommanagement.Chapter16presentsacomprehensiveoutlookon the importance of golden-brown algae (diatoms) in forensic analysis. The chapter starts right from the basic structure of diatoms followed by the significance of diatoms in forensic limnology. The penetration of diatoms in the victim’s body and various extraction methods to recover diatoms are thoroughly discussed. The laterpartofthechapterdescribesthecurrentstatusandcontroversiesassociatedwith solvingforensiccasesusingdiatoms. The purpose of this book is to give an alternate perspective to students and researchers and to encourage them to understand more about the application of Preface vii algaltechnologiestovariousemergingfields.Wehopethatthisbookwillfillupthe variousgapsintheabovementionedfields. We thank all the contributors for their valuable input and their timely contribu- tion. We also express our gratitude to Dr. Madhurima Kahali and Raagai Priya Chandrasekaran (SpringerNature) for theirtime totime help and kind cooperation duringthepreparationofthisbook. Chandigarh,India SachinKumarMandotra Lucknow,India AtulKumarUpadhyay Chandigarh,India AmrikSinghAhluwalia Contents 1 ValorizationofWastewaterviaNutrientRecoveryUsing Algae-BasedProcesses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 PfanoMusetsho,NirmalRenuka,SachitraKumarRatha, IsmailRawat,andFaizalBux 2 ConstructedWetlandandMicroalgae:ARevolutionaryApproach ofBioremediationandSustainableEnergyProduction. . . . . . . . . . 27 AtulKumarUpadhyayandS.K.Mandotra 3 MitigationofHeavyMetalsUtilizingAlgaeandItsSubsequent UtilizationforSustainableFuels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 ChitraSharma,SunilKumar,NitikaBhardwaj,S.K.Mandotra, andA.S.Ahluwalia 4 AdaptiveandToleranceMechanismofMicroalgaeinRemoval ofCadmiumfromWastewater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 ShwetaTripathiandKrishnaMohanPoluri 5 AlgaeasMiniatureWastewaterScavengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 AfreenJ.Lolu,AmrikS.Ahluwalia,MalkiatC.Sidhu, andZafarA.Reshi 6 ParametricModelingandOptimizationofPhycoremediation ofCr(VI)UsingArtificialNeuralNetworkandSimulated Annealing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 SushovanSen,AbhilashaRai,JitamanyuChakrabarty, SandipKumarLahiri,andSusmitaDutta 7 AnInsightintothePotentialApplicationofMicroalgae inPharmaceuticalandNutraceuticalProduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 K.Dhandayuthapani,S.Malathy,SikandarI.Mulla, andSanjayKumarGupta 8 TheBuddingPotentialofAlgaeinCosmetics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 BarasaMalakarandKaustubhaMohanty iixx x Contents 9 FoodSupplementsFormulatedwithSpirulina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 RumaAroraSoni,K.Sudhakar,R.S.Rana,andP.Baredar 10 FucoxanthinProductionfromDiatoms:CurrentAdvances andChallenges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 NehaAroraandGeorgeP.Philippidis 11 LiquidBiofuelsfromAlgae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 DevinderSinghandGiovannaGonzales-Calienes 12 UV-BCoupledLipidInduction:AStrategyTowardsEconomical BiofuelProductionThroughAlgae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 R.Singh,A.K.Upadhyay,andD.P.Singh 13 MicroalgaeMediatedNanomaterialsSynthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 MamtaGwala,SusmitaDutta,andRajibGhoshChaudhuri 14 Algae-MediatedBiologicalSynthesisofNanoparticles: ApplicationsandProspects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 AkhileshKumarShukla,AtulKumarUpadhyay,andLavSingh 15 CyanobacterialbloomsandCyanotoxins:Occurrence andDetection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 SimranjeetKaur,AkankshaSrivastava,AmrikS.Ahluwalia, andYogeshMishra 16 PotentialofGoldenBrownAlgaeinForensicAnalysis: AReview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 NitikaBhardwaj,ChitraSharma,S.K.Mandotra,andA.S.Ahluwalia About the Editors SachinKumarMandotra isadistinguishedresearcherinthefieldofalgalbiology andbiofuels.HecompletedhisPhDinBiotechnologyattheCSIR-NationalBotani- cal Research Institute jointly with SHUATS Allahabad, India. During his doctoral and postdoctoral studies, Dr. Mandotra published a number of research papers in respected peer-reviewed journals. Currently, Dr. Mandotra is working as a DSK PostdoctoralFellow(UGC,NewDelhi,India)attheDepartmentofBotany,Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, where he is exploring various aspects of algal bioenergyproduction. AtulKumarUpadhyay isascholarintheEnvironmentalSciences.Hecompleted his PhD in Phytoremediation and Constructed Wetland Technology at the CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow jointly with Kumaun University, Nainital, India. Dr. Upadhyay has published 15 research papers in peer-reviewed SCIjournals.Hehasalsopublishedabookonphytoremediationandeditedabook fromSpringerNature,Singapore.Currently,Dr.UpadhyayisworkingasaDSKPDF (UGC, New Delhi, India) at the Department of Environmental Science, BBAU, Lucknow, India and investigating various aspects of sustainable phytoremediation andbioenergyproduction. AmrikSinghAhluwalia,(PhD-BHU) iscurrentlythePNMehraChairProfessor (Former Chairperson and Coordinator, UGC-DRS program) at the Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh. With more than 38 years of research and teaching experience, he has published over 100 research papers in national and international journals and 45 book chapters, and has authored and edited several books. His research interests include algal and cyanobacterial diversity, cellular differentiation,allelopathicinteractions,nutraceuticals,biofuels,biofertilizers,envi- ronmentalphycology,Azollabiologyandclimatechange.Hehasservedonvarious committees/panelsoftheUGC,MOEFCC,DST,UPSC,NAAC,SEACetc.Heisa formerDeanoftheFacultyofScience,DirectorofYouthWelfare,Presidentofthe AsianAllelopathySociety,PresidentofthePunjabAcademyofSciences,Fellowof the PU Senate and President of the PUTA, and is a Life Member of several professionalsocieties. xxii